Figure 1 | Scientific Reports

Figure 1

From: Kynurenine pathway metabolomics predicts and provides mechanistic insight into multiple sclerosis progression

Figure 1

Overview of the kynurenine pathway with box plots of tryptophan (A), kynurenine (B), kynurenine/tryptophan (Kyn/Trp or K/T) ratio (C), kynurenic acid (D), quinolinic acid (E) NAD+ (F) and quinolinic acid/kynurenic acid (QA/KA) ratio (G) in healthy control (HC), relapsing-remitting MS (RR), secondary progressive MS (SP) and primary progressive MS (PP) cohorts. The diagram illustrate how inflammation can influence the pathway leading to enhance (blue arrows) in some downstream metabolites such as 3-Hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), Anthranilic acid (AA) and 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) but not others (red dotted arrows), i.e. kynurenic acid, picolinic acid and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) based on patients with MS when compared to healthy control. The aberrant KP change in MS can potentially lead to mood/behavioural and sleep abnormalities, excitotoxicity-induced neurodegeneration and energy depletion related to cognitive fatigue in MS.

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