Table 1 Comparison of different AuNPs-based colourimetric methods for the detection of Cu²⁺.

Probe unit	Linear range	LOD ^b	Time (min)	Interference ions	Analytical approach	Ref.
Papain–AuNPs	N/A ^a	200 nM	N/A ^a	Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺	naked eye and UV-vis	17
DNA–AuNPs	20–100 μM	20 μM	120	None	naked eye and UV-vis	18
Azide and alkyne–AuNPs	0.5–10 μM	250 nM	20–60	None	naked eye and UV-vis	20
DNAzyme–AuNPs	N/A ^a	5 μM	90	Zn²⁺	naked eye and UV-vis	35
Thermally treated AuNPs	0.2–6.0 μM	40 nM	5	Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺	naked eye and UV-vis	36
Azide-tagged AuNPs	1.8–200 μM	1.8 μM	30	Cr³⁺, Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺	naked eye and UV-vis	37
MarR–AuNPs	0.1–10 μM	61 nM	<5	None	naked eye, UV-vis and smartphone-based	This work

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