Figure 3: Time-of-day-dependent modulation of the molecular clockwork by PDF.

LD-entrained larval brains were dissected and mounted at ZT1 or ZT13, and PDF (2 μM), DMSO or PDF (2 μM) + TTX (100 nM) was applied at ZT2 or ZT14. 3 × 69-VNP (a) and PER-TDT expression (b) in brain explants were monitored every hour by time-lapse microscopy. The mean fluorescence intensity ± SEM normalized to the value at the start of imaging (corresponding to ZT1 or ZT13) is shown. The red arrows indicate the time of drug application (ZT2 or ZT14). The colour of the asterisk indicates the group compared with the Vehicle-added group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001 by two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s correction for multiple comparisons. A minimum of 32 LNvs, 18 DN1s and 16 DN2s were analysed for each data point.