Figure 1

Circular graphene annulus subjected to in-plane rotation at inner edge with varying boundary radii R_i, R_o. (a) MD simulation snapshots of annulus with R_i = 3 nm and R_o = 10 nm under circular rotation at inner edge. The black point A at the inner edge serves as the reference point for rotation and the angle between the solid blue line and dash blue line illustrates the rotation angle ∆θ. The gray domains represents the inner and outer boundaries which are not plotted in other figures for clarity. (b) Wrinkle amplitude contours of graphane annulus shown in (a) by coloring each atom according to the out-of-plane displacement. δ is the acute angle between the tangent of spiral wrinkle and the tangent of inner boundary through the tangent point. The contour in c represents the wrinkle profile of annulus with R_i = 3 nm and R_o = 4 nm. (c–e) The evolution of wrinkle characteristics with outer boundary radius R_o. (f) Torque-torsional angle curves of annular graphene with fixed R_i = 3 nm and varying R_o.