Figure 1: Schematic illustration of the relationships between support topology and particle sintering.
From: Sintering-Resistant Nanoparticles in Wide-Mouthed Compartments for Sustained Catalytic Performance

Nanoparticles dispersed on (a) the solid supports with two-dimensional open surface, (b) the porous supports with one-dimensional nanochannels, and (c) the supports enriched with wide-mouthed compartments on the surface. d stands for the particle-to-particle traveling distance of neighboring two particles, while r denotes the migration length of individual particles at a given temperature.