Figure 1: Behavioral measurements.

(A) and (B) Pain: mechanical noxious and non-noxious stimuli. (A) Paw pressure test was used to measure sensitivity to a mechanical noxious stimulus. (B) The Von Frey test was used to measure the pain threshold as a response evoked by a non-noxious stimulus. (C) Pain: thermal non-noxious stimuli. The Cold plate test was used to evaluate the pain threshold measuring the latency to pain-related behavior (lifting or licking of the paw). Oxaliplatin (2.4 mg kg⁻¹) was administered daily i.p. for 3 weeks. All Astragalus extracts (300 mg kg⁻¹) were administered daily p.o. concomitantly with oxaliplatin. Behavioural evaluations were performed on day 21, 24 h after the last injection. Control animals were treated with vehicles. Each value represents the mean of 12 rats per group, performed in two different experimental sets. Values are represented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.01 versus saline treatment; ^P < 0.05 and ^^P < 0.01 versus oxaliplatin treatment.