Figure 6: Deformation evolution of Ni(1 1 19) deformed in compression.

(a) Dislocations nucleate in the bulk 8–10 layers underneath the surface as well as at the steps. (b) From the nucleation sites in the bulk, stacking faults grow in three directions, utilizing two slip planes. Stacking faults originating at the steps switch to twinning at the strain of −7.3%. (c) Stacking faults and twins connect. (d) Defects grow into the bulk evenly along both active slip systems. Atoms comprising surfaces and stacking faults are shown, others (CS < 2) are removed for clarity.