Table 1 Short pulsed Lasers with BP Nano Flake SAs.

From: Phosphorene quantum dot saturable absorbers for ultrafast fiber lasers

(a) Layered BP Flakes Integrated to Form SA Device for Mode-locked Lasers

Fabrication Method

Integration Platform

Layers in BP Flakes

Nonlinear Characterization

Laser Type

Laser Properties

Ref.

Is (MW/cm2)

αs (%)

λ (nm)

t

TBP

ME

Fiber facet

15

6.55

8.1

Er: Fiber

1571.45

946 fs

0.328

17

LPE

Microfiber

1–3

~4.5 mW

6.91

Er: Fiber

1532–1570

940 fs

0.38

31

LPE

Quartz

~8

1.35

7.5

Nd:YVO4

1064.1

6.1 ps

0.464

18

ME

Fiber facet

~500#

—

0.6–4.6

Er: Fiber

1560.5

272 fs

0.34

19

ME

Fiber facet

~500

—

4.1

Tm: Fiber

1910

739 fs

0.352

33

LPE

Side-polished Fiber

~20

~12.5

3.31

Er: Fiber

1558.14

2.18 ps

0.336

29

ME

Fiber facet

~33–1833#

—

50–90

Er: Fiber

1558.7

~786 fs

~0.6

52

LPE

Microfiber

~100

—

9.8

Tm/Ho: Fiber

1880–1940

1.58 ps

0.486

20

ME

Gold-coated mirror

~238

9 μJ/cm2

19

Er: ZBLAN

2783

42 ps

4.5

21

LPE

Fiber facet

~3–41#

3.41

4.48

Er: Fiber

1568.19

117.6 ns

—

53

ME

Fiber facet

5–8

0.35

8

Yb: Fiber

1085.5

7.54 ps

0.441

54

(b) Layered BP Flakes Integrated to Form SA Device for Q-switched Lasers

Fabrication Method

Integration Platform

Layers in BP Flakes

Nonlinear Characterization

Laser Type

Laser Properties

Ref.

Is (MW/cm2)

αs (%)

λ (nm)

t min

E max

ME

Fiber facet

25

10.74

18.55

Er: Fiber

1562.87

10.32 μs

94.3 nJ

17

LPE

Gold-coated mirror

~8–33#

9 μJ /cm2

15

Er: ZBLAN

2779

1.18 μs

7.7 μJ

55

ME

Fiber facet

~33–1833#

—

50–90

Er: Fiber

1532.5

~3.1 μs

~18.6 nJ

52

LPE

Reflector

5–15

—

—

Yb: CYA

1046

~620 ns

~325.7 nJ

36

LPE

PVP composite

~6–41#

—

—

Er: Fiber

1561.9

2.96 μs

194 nJ

56

ME

Quartz

40–50

—

—

Pr: GdLiF4

639

189 ns

104 nJ

57

ME

Quartz

40–50

6.14 GW/cm2

35.48

Nd: GdVO4

1.06 μm

495 ns

70.4 nJ

57

ME

Quartz

40–50

—

—

Tm: Ho: YGG

2.1 μm

636 ns

221 nJ

57

LPE

Quartz

~10

0.96

10.7

Cr: ZnSe

2411

189 ns

205 μJ

58

LPE

Fiber facet

~38

1.1

24

Tm/Ho: Fiber

1912

731 ns

632.4 nJ

59

ME

Gold-coated mirror

—

20 μJ /cm2

5

Tm:YAG

2009

2.9 μs

3.32 μJ

60

ME

Quartz

60–80

6.93 GW/cm2

13.8

Yb: ScBO3

1063.6

495.5 ns

1.4 μJ

61

LPE

Gold-coated mirror

38#

—

—

Yb: LuYAG

1029

1.73 μs

0.09 μJ

62

LPE

Gold-coated mirror

38#

1.15 μJ /cm2

7.8

Tm: CaYAlO4

1930

3.1 μs

0.68 μJ

62

LPE

Gold-coated mirror

38#

—

—

Er: Y2O3

2.72 μm

4.47 μs

0.48 μJ

62

MP

Side-polished Fiber

<16666#

—

—

Er: Fiber

1550

9.35 μs

28.3 nJ

63

MP

Side-polished Fiber

<16666#

—

—

Tm/Ho: Fiber

1832–1935

2.53 μs

276 nJ

63

  1. Nonlinear optical characteristics and applications in laser cavities using BP, (a) for mode-locked lasers and (b) for Q-switched lasers. Where BP-based SAs were applied to Q-switched lasers, we quote the minimum value of pulse duration (tmin) and maximum value of pulse energy (Emax), respectively. ME, mechanical exfoliation; LPE, liquid phase exfoliation; MP, mechanically polishing; Is, saturating intensity; αs, modulation depth; λ, operating wavelength; t, pulse duration; TBP, time-bandwidth product. #Indicates that layers in flakes were not given (using the thickness provided in literature for the calculation) so has been estimated instead by adopting the theoretical value of 0.6 nm for single-layer phosphorus in ref. 64.
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