Figure 3: Inhibition of microglial RAGE prevents EC synaptic impairment in mhAPP mice at different stages of neurodegeneration.

In 2 month old mice (A) deficiency of RAGE did not alter LTP expression in DNMSR EC slices (grey circles) and was sufficient to prevent LTP impairment in double mhAPPxDNMSR transgenic EC slices (open circles), with respect to single mhAPP transgenic slices (black diamonds); insert shows representative FPs recorded during baseline (a) or after HFS stimulation (b). The protective effect provided by RAGE signaling inhibition was confirmed in older animals (6 months of age); in (B) the LTP was normally expressed in either DNMSR (grey circles) or mhAPPxDNMSR slices (open circles) with respect to mhAPP slices (black diamonds); insert shows representative FPs recorded during baseline (a) or after HFS stimulation (b). Similarly, LTD was inducible by LFS in EC slices from 6 month old DNMSR (grey circles) and mhAPPxDNMSR (open circles) mice with respect to slices from age-matched mhAPP mice (black diamonds); insert shows representative FPs recorded during baseline (a) or after LFS stimulation (b). In (A–C) scale bars correspond to 0.5 mV and 5 ms. Error bars indicate SEM.