Table 1 Characteristics of model mice.

Parameter	BD	CTRL	PEMA-L	PEMA-H	FENO
n	5	10	10	10	7
Food intake (g/day)	—	3.28 ± 0.21	3.54 ± 0.25	3.43 ± 0.14	3.02 ± 0.22
Body weight (g)	29.4 ± 0.5^†	41.3 ± 0.3	39.6 ± 0.4*	36.2 ± 0.3*	38.7 ± 0.4*
Liver weight (g)	1.29 ± 0.05^†	3.80 ± 0.12	4.00 ± 0.07	3.88 ± 0.09	3.86 ± 0.09
Epididymal adipose tissue (g)	0.32 ± 0.04^†	1.15 ± 0.04	0.92 ± 0.03*	0.66 ± 0.03*	0.84 ± 0.03*
Subcutaneous adipose tissue (g)	0.19 ± 0.03^†	0.65 ± 0.03	0.53 ± 0.04*	0.37 ± 0.02*	0.58 ± 0.02
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	96.8 ± 4.4^†	283.5 ± 10.2	263.8 ± 6.6	199.5 ± 1.8*	205.0 ± 5.1*
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	61.0 ± 7.5^†	25.1 ± 1.5	12.6 ± 1.1*	9.1 ± 1.0*	8.6 ± 0.6*
Free fatty acids (uEQ/L)	393.6 ± 42.1^†	673.2 ± 58.9	494.7 ± 50.2*	332.1 ± 32.4*	274.9 ± 19.5*
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)	95.2 ± 11.4^†	236.0 ± 9.8	242.6 ± 11.1	194.3 ± 10.9*	223.7 ± 15.9
Insulin (ng/mL)	0.024 ± 0.007^†	0.096 ± 0.015	0.077 ± 0.002	0.048 ± 0.003*	0.075 ± 0.008
HOMA-IR	0.13 ± 0.04^†	1.44 ± 0.21	1.13 ± 0.05	0.61 ± 0.07*	0.97 ± 0.16
AST (IU/L)	49.0 ± 6.2^†	197.6 ± 12.1	210.8 ± 16.0	162.6 ± 14.3	227.1 ± 22.7
ALT (IU/L)	23.2 ± 1.9^†	285.7 ± 21.0	250.9 ± 16.2	174.3 ± 9.7*	198.7 ± 30.7*
Liver ATP content (μmol/g)^§	6.59 ± 1.02^†	4.61 ± 0.34	6.09 ± 0.28*	6.47 ± 0.24*	5.88 ± 0.40*
VO₂ (mL/min/kg)^§	53.3 ± 1.7^†	46.6 ± 0.3	48.1 ± 2.7	52.6 ± 2.2*	48.4 ± 1.6
VCO₂ (mL/min/kg)^§	45.0 ± 1.2^†	36.7 ± 0.8	37.3 ± 1.5	43.5 ± 3.0*	38.6 ± 0.8
RQ^§	0.85 ± 0.04	0.79 ± 0.01	0.78 ± 0.01	0.83 ± 0.02	0.80 ± 0.03

HOMA-IR, the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ATP, Adenosine triphosphate; VO₂, oxygen uptake; VCO₂, production of carbon dioxide; RQ, respiratory quotient. Data are the mean ± SE (^§n = 5). Significance was determined using Student’s t-test (^†p < 0.05 versus CTRL mice) or Dunnett’s test (*p < 0.05 versus CTRL mice).

Search