Table 1 The retained beef associated colonic metabolites after multivariate statistical analysis and identity annotation using the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB).

Metabolites (HMDB)	m/z	Adduct ion	Δppm	VIP	P-value	Area ratio
But-2-enoic acid	87.04448	H⁺	4.61	1.31	2.03^E-5	0.49
3-Hydroxybutyric acid	105.05495	H⁺	2.91	1.42	3.32^E-5	0.45
(±)-Furaneol	129.05450	H⁺	1.08	1.09	3.02^E-5	0.63
Panto-/mevalonolactone	131.07030	H⁺	0.076	1.20	6.27^E-14	0.66
2-Hexenyl formate	129.09102	H⁺	0.074	1.52	5.03^E-8	0.46
3-Dehydroxycarnitine	146.11726	H⁺	2.12	2.37	1.82^E-15	0.16
Pentylbenzene	149.13216	H⁺	2.28	1.37	2.19^E-9	0.50
Indoleacetaldehyde	160.07542	H⁺	1.83	1.88	4.29^E-4	0.17
2-Phenylpropionaldehyde dimethyl acetal	181.12192	H⁺	2.26	1.89	2.55^E-13	0.38
4-Pyridoxic acid	184.06026	H⁺	1.03	1.49	4.33^E-5	0.30
Kynurenic acid	190.04955	H⁺	1.80	1.23	8.25^E-6	0.53
L-Kynurenine	209.09186	H⁺	1.11	1.48	7.99^E-9	0.46
L-Kynurenine	207.07680	H⁻	3.34	1.62	2.33^E-7	0.39
Spermic acid 1	218.18567	H⁺	3.01	1.11	9.02^E-6	0.45
N′-/L-formylkynurenine	237.08652	H⁺	2.05	1.69	4.66^E-8	0.38
N′-/L-formylkynurenine	235.07198	H⁻	1.82	1.70	2.36^E-7	0.38
Hexanoylcarnitine	260.18500	H⁺	2.53	1.40	5.55^E-4	0.015
Succinyl-/methylmalonylcarnitine	262.12766	H⁺	3.35	2.07	4.17^E-9	0.023
Glutarylcarnitine	276.14352	H⁺	2.42	1.09	6.18^E-5	0.33
Saccharopine	277.13831	H⁺	4.06	1.41	1.33^E-4	0.51
15 (16)-epODE	295.22595	H⁺	2.86	1.49	2.66^E-11	0.48
9 (S)-HPODE	313.23624	H⁺	3.57	1.22	4.89^E-4	0.52
9,10/12,13-TriHOME	329.23303	H⁻	0.89	1.48	2.05^E-12	0.50
Dityrosine	359.12442	H⁻	1.16	3.23	8.86^E-8	0.021

VIP = Variable Importance Plot, P-value = p-value between chicken and beef digestion samples, Area ratio = Average peak intensity of metabolite in chicken digestion samples/average peak intensity of metabolite in beef digestion samples.

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