Figure 2: Phylogenetic relationship among partial CagA sequences amplified from representative samples.

Panel A. Bootstrap consensus phylogenetic tree inferred from 500 replicates revealing four major clusters; EPIYA AB type without CagA multimerization domain (CM) (blue); EPIYA AB type containing CM domain (red); EPIYA ABC type ‘Western-like’ (green), and EPIYA AB’C type ‘Western-like’ (purple). Two Western CagA (W) and two Eastern CagA (E) reference strains detected in gastro-duodenal disease in the Thailand cohorts, and three CagA sequences isolated from bile from Thai cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cases⁴² were included (black). Branches corresponding to partitions reproduced in less than 50% bootstrap replicates were collapsed; bootstrap numbers higher than 60% are shown. Hepatobiliary disease status and O. viverrini infection status are shown for each sample following the indicated color code, *for egg-negative O. viverrini samples no ultrasound study was performed, EPG: eggs per gram of feces. Panel B. Multiple sequence alignment of representative partial CagA sequences belonging to four major clusters comprising the phylogram. Two representative sequences of each cluster are color-squared following the same color code as in Panel A. EPIYA domains are indicated as A, B and C, and CagA multimerization domains (CM) are highlighted (yellow).