Table 2 Prevalence of Helicobacter spp. and virulence factors in study participants, presented for each of five levels of intensity of infection with Opisthorchis viverrini.

From: Elevated prevalence of Helicobacter species and virulence factors in opisthorchiasis and associated hepatobiliary disease

EPG O. viverrini

0

1–100

101–500

501–1,000

>1,000

P for trend

Level of infection intensity

(n = 260)

(193)

(73)

(12)

(15)

16 S rRNA

125 (48·1%)

135 (69·6%)

62 (84·9%)

11 (91·7%)

15 (100%)

 

OR

1

2·51

6·09

11·88

NA

 

95% CI

—

1·69–3·72

3·06–12·09

1·51–93·36

NA

0·06

P

—

<0·001

<0·001

0·003

<0·001

 

ureA H. pylori†

77 (29·6%)

110 (57%)

57 (78·1%)

10 (83·3%)

13 (86·7%)

<0·001

OR

1

3·14

8·47

11·88

15·45

 

95% CI

—

2·13–4·65

4·58–15·66

2·54–55·51

3·40–70·09

 

P

—

<0·001

<0·001

<0·001

<0·001

 

H. bilis †

14 (5·4%)

45 (23·3%)

23 (31·5%)

7 (58·3%)

10 (66·7%)

<0·001

OR

1

5·34

2·36

24·6

35·14

 

95% CI

—

2·84–10·07

1·18–4·72

6·92–87·39

10·57–116·80

 

P

1

<0·001

0·02

<0·001

<0·001

 

H. hepaticus

5 (1·9%)

3 (1·6%)

5 (6·8%)

2 (16·7%)

3 (20%)

P = 0·08

OR

1

0·81

3·75

10·2

12·75

 

95% CI

—

0·19–3·41

1·06–13·33

1·76–59·13

2·72–59·71

 

P

—

0·53

0.04

0·03

0·006

 

H. pylori + H. bilis†

11 (4·2%)

40 (20·7%)

23 (31·5%)

6 (50%)

10 (66·7%)

<0·001

OR

1

5·92

10·41

22·63

45·27

 

95% CI

—

2·95–11·88

4·77–22·71

6·27–81·63

13·21–155·16

 

P

—

<0·001

<0·001

<0·001

<0·001

 

cagA†

13 (5·0%)

21 (10·9%)

26 (35·6%)

6 (50%)

9 (60%)

<0·001

OR

1

2·32

10·51

19·0

28·5

 

95% CI

—

1·13–4·76

5·04–21·92

15·38–67·09

8·81–92·19

 

P

—

0·02

<0·001

<0·001

<0·001

 

cagE†

7 (2·7%)

13 (6·7%)

16 (21·9%)

3 (25%)

5 (33%)

<0·001

OR

1

2·61

10·15

12·05

18·07

 

95% CI

—

1·02–6·67

3·99–25·80

2·67–54·38

4·87–66·9

 

P

—

0·04

<0·001

0·007

<0·001

 

cagA + cagE†

1 (0·4%)

9 (4·7%)

12 (16·4%)

3 (25%)

5 (33%)

<0·001

OR

1

12·7

50·95

86·33

129·5

 

95% CI

—

1·59–100·86

6·5–399·37

8·16–913·23

13·81–1214·18

 

P

—

0·003

<0·001

<0·001

<0·001

 
  1. P = P-value, OR = Odds Ratio, CI = Confidence Interval. The reference group for the analysis and to estimate P-values and RRR is the uninfected i.e. group, EPG O. viverrini = 0, where the OR is 1.
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