Figure 1: The functional diversity of six European plants orders for each of the Atlas Flora Europaeae grid cells (~50 km × 50 km).

Values show the functional richness and dispersion of the trait space described by all species within an order occurring at a site. Represented values are the per-grid means of functional diversity estimates coming from ten different imputed datasets (see Methods). The dashed black line represents the 46°N latitude, which marks an estimate of the maximum northern limit of temperate tree full-glacial refugia1,25. Red delimited areas show the maximum extent of the ice sheet 21,000 years ago based on ref. 59. Groups ordered from top-to-bottom and left-to-right according to decreasing species richness. Figures generated using R57 version 3.0.2 https://www.r-project.org based on mean functional diversity estimates across imputed datasets for each Atlas Flora Europaeae grid cells.