Table 3 Summary of δ¹⁸O, δ²H and d-excess seasonal values in tap water samples. NE, NW,N,SW,SE,QP stands for stands for different regions of China namely northeastern, northwestern, northern, southwestern, southeastern and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

From: Divergence of stable isotopes in tap water across China

Sample Location	Region	δ¹⁸O (‰)				δ²H (‰)				d-excess (‰)
Sample Location	Region	winter	spring	summer	autumn	winter	spring	summer	autumn	winter	spring	summer	autumn
Heihe	NE	−14.73	−14.77	−14.78	−14.40	−109.69	−110.73	−108.27	−106.58	8.18	7.40	9.97	8.65
Harbin	NE	−12.59	−12.77	−13.29	−12.27	−92.47	−93.10	−95.07	−89.62	8.23	9.05	11.21	8.55
Karamay	NW	−11.56	−11.39	−12.01	−11.52	−77.52	−76.17	−78.00	−77.34	14.99	14.95	18.07	14.83
Urumchi	NW	−10.77				−72.83				13.32
Aksu	NW	−8.20	−8.70	−10.57	−8.21	−58.09	−61.14	−69.12	−58.40	7.52	8.43	15.42	7.31
Korla	NW	−8.33	−7.84	−8.07	−7.71	−59.23	−56.30	−57.01	−55.45	7.44	6.45	7.55	6.25
Kashgar	NW	−13.06	−12.72	−13.58	−13.34	−91.75	−89.02	−92.01	−92.36	12.71	12.72	16.61	13.77
Jiuquan	NW	−10.63	−10.77	−10.92		−74.16	−74.93	−74.86		10.89	11.27	12.47
Delingha	QP	−9.54	−9.84	−9.90	−9.32	−61.44	−63.94	−61.52	−59.94	14.85	14.76	17.66	14.62
Golmud	QP	−9.63	−9.80	−10.40	−10.02	−64.78	−66.24	−67.34	−66.82	12.29	12.19	15.88	13.34
Xining	QP	−7.70	−7.53	−8.44	−8.17	−45.97	−46.33	−48.32	−47.48	15.62	13.90	19.20	17.85
Lanzhou	N	−10.21	−10.29		−10.13	−72.08	−72.11		−71.82	9.57	10.18		9.26
Baiyin	N	−9.73	−7.64	−7.50	−6.98	−69.07	−46.55	−44.81	−44.09	8.81	14.58	15.20	12.72
Baotou	NW	−9.62	−9.54			−70.28	−69.88			6.68	6.40
Hohhot	NW	−10.42	−10.91			−78.52	−77.72			4.82	9.59
Linhe	NW	−10.41				−77.19				6.06
Yinchuan	NW	−11.95	−12.03			−84.73	−85.32			10.87	10.91
Yulin	N	−7.61	−7.64			−60.41	−60.73			0.44	0.38
Taiyuan	N	−8.47	−8.72			−63.17	−65.20			4.59	4.55
Jinzhong	N	−7.53	−8.68	−8.61	−7.79	−57.77	−62.91	−61.54	−57.89	2.50	6.57	7.33	4.39
Shijiazhuang	N	−6.80	−6.93	−6.71	−6.42	−52.84	−52.93	−50.62	−50.64	1.57	2.47	3.07	0.69
Anyang	N	−8.34	−8.42	−8.45	−8.39	−58.68	−61.05	−60.65	−60.91	8.06	6.35	6.94	6.23
Pingliang	N	−10.71	−10.01	−10.58	−9.77	−72.53	−69.63	−69.86	−66.53	13.11	10.42	14.75	11.66
Ulanhot	NE	−10.55	−10.68	−10.98	−10.92	−81.12	−82.05	−81.41	−80.72	3.27	3.39	6.43	6.66
Xilinhot	NW	−10.19	−10.44			−81.91	−82.37			−0.36	1.13
Tongliao	NE	−9.93	−10.07	−10.47	−9.87	−77.97	−78.59	−79.84	−78.14	1.50	1.96	3.90	0.85
Changchun	NE	−10.38				−80.06				2.96
Chifeng	N	−9.45	−9.73	−9.89	−9.80	−74.10	−74.70	−75.09	−75.34	1.46	3.13	4.00	3.10
Shenyang	NE	−9.30	−9.34	−9.15	−9.04	−67.77	−68.31	−66.51	−66.60	6.63	6.44	6.68	5.72
Chengde	N	−8.43	−8.25			−63.17	−62.15			4.30	3.84
Dandong	NE	−8.81	−8.24			−60.88	−56.84			9.59	9.11
Beijing	N	−9.61	−9.92	−9.97	−9.73	−64.65	−66.44	−66.36	−64.89	12.23	12.90	13.40	12.95
Tianjin	N	−6.91	−5.76			−54.51	−49.04			0.73	−2.94
Tangshan	N	−7.69	−7.86	−7.89		−57.13	−58.05	−57.45		4.41	4.86	5.70
Baoding	N	−8.68	−8.72	−8.90		−63.49	−63.82	−64.27		5.94	5.96	6.90
Cangzhou	N	−10.43	−10.46	−10.68	−10.04	−77.24	−77.61	−78.30	−76.52	6.18	6.03	7.11	3.78
Dalian	NE	−6.77	−6.56	−7.31	−6.96	−51.18	−50.30	−53.93	−52.73	2.94	2.15	4.56	2.91
Hengshui	N	−10.88	−10.80			−80.24	−79.60			6.81	6.83
Dongying	N	−7.20	−7.21	−6.32	−5.47	−55.13	−53.89	−50.08	−46.18	2.47	3.76	0.44	−2.45
Yantai	N	−6.05	−6.40	−6.42	−5.60	−45.97	−48.43	−46.84	−44.20	2.45	2.74	4.54	0.63
Weifang	N		−8.23	−8.34	−7.61		−60.35	−60.20	−56.68		5.50	6.49	4.19
Lhasa	QP	−17.29	−17.39	−17.29	−17.06	−130.29	−131.19	−128.67	−127.71	8.02	7.92	9.63	8.76
Gannan	QP	−9.97	−10.14	−10.57	−9.96	−67.54	−68.79	−68.87	−67.36	12.23	12.36	15.66	12.29
Dingxi	N	−10.06	−10.40	−10.58	−10.26	−69.14	−71.27	−68.59	−70.33	11.38	11.92	16.04	11.72
Longnan	N		−10.43	−10.68	−10.40		−69.21	−69.99	−68.99		14.24	15.46	14.22
Chengdu	SW	−12.22	−12.00	−12.35	−12.42	−84.80	−82.65	−83.84	−84.33	12.93	13.33	14.93	15.00
Nyingchi	QP	−13.89	−13.41	−13.91	−14.06	−99.61	−94.76	−99.37	−100.98	11.48	12.49	11.91	11.46
Xichang	SW	−8.01	−9.80	−7.42	−9.78	−68.59	−75.40	−63.77	−76.64	−4.51	2.98	−4.42	1.64
Panzhihua	SW	−14.31	−14.63	−13.49		−106.54	−108.98	−96.87		7.98	8.07	11.02
Baoshan	SW	−9.93	−9.76		−9.73	−70.64	−68.61		−68.70	8.79	9.45		9.13
Kunming	SW	−11.11	−11.01	−11.23	−11.48	−82.66	−81.94	−81.75	−83.99	6.26	6.17	8.12	7.82
Qujing	SW	−9.60	−9.06			−72.49	−68.62			4.34	3.83
Simao	SW	−9.02	−7.79	−8.57	−9.35	−64.87	−58.82	−60.04	−67.16	7.28	3.53	8.55	7.61
Wenshan	SW	−10.69	−9.81	−9.11	−6.39	−75.38	−69.36	−65.30	−58.98	10.16	9.10	7.57	5.20
Tianshui	N	−8.61	−8.95	−9.27	−9.16	−58.07	−60.51	−60.02	−60.33	10.79	11.12	14.15	12.94
Zhengzhou	N	−8.09	−8.83	−8.15		−57.43	−63.73	−54.73		7.30	6.94	10.48
Kaifeng	N	−8.15	−8.07	−6.41	−8.11	−60.35	−58.76	−45.10	−60.71	4.85	5.83	6.20	4.16
Hanzhong	N	−8.91	−8.54	−8.22	−8.24	−58.95	−55.20	−52.84	−52.98	12.30	13.11	12.93	12.96
Xianyang	N	−11.58	−11.54	−11.55	−11.24	−84.51	−84.49	−83.45	−82.12	8.11	7.87	8.93	7.80
Enshi	SE	−8.11	−6.90			−54.28	−39.68			10.56	15.48
Wuhan	SE	−8.77	−8.64	−8.01	−9.27	−59.01	−57.54	−51.04	−64.36	11.19	11.62	13.03	9.77
Chongqing	SW	−5.45	−7.35	−4.46	−7.45	−40.72	−44.71	−24.39	−50.38	9.79	14.08	11.28	9.24
Yueyang	SE	−4.62	−4.65			−29.65	−28.08			7.34	9.08
Changsha	SE	−5.25	−5.14			−32.78	−27.77			9.21	13.36
Bijie	SW	−9.32	−9.21	−8.72	−9.72	−63.12	−61.32	−57.43	−62.02	11.43	12.34	12.31	14.13
Zunyi	SW		−6.34				−41.09				9.59
Tongren	SW	−7.22	−6.69	−7.77	−7.29	−44.88	−40.07	−45.68	−44.62	12.90	13.48	16.52	13.73
Huaihua	SE		−6.05	−7.02	−6.87		−38.75	−41.79	−41.69		9.61	14.40	13.24
Hong Kong	SE	−5.10	−5.06	−5.78	−5.38	−30.95	−30.58	−32.83	−31.96	9.83	9.92	13.38	11.11
Guiyang	SW	−6.14	−7.34	−8.35	−7.25	−42.53	−51.12	−52.78	−48.06	6.55	7.58	14.02	9.92
Guilin	SE	−5.82	−5.79	−6.81	−6.48	−34.73	−32.90	−39.10	−39.28	11.83	13.38	15.39	12.56
Zaozhuang	N	−6.05	−5.36	−6.36	−6.61	−46.19	−41.51	−46.72	−48.98	2.24	1.37	4.13	3.87
Xuzhou	N	−10.42	−10.36	−10.80	−10.29	−76.73	−76.07	−77.01	−76.03	6.66	6.80	9.41	6.61
Suzhou	N	−8.12	−8.32	−8.18	−7.47	−57.81	−58.11	−57.51	−55.65	7.13	8.41	7.96	4.11
Yancheng	SE	−5.15	−4.39	−5.74	−5.48	−37.83	−31.04	−39.92	−39.79	3.38	4.04	5.98	4.07
Nantong	SE	−7.61	−7.37			−51.30	−48.78			9.61	10.14
Hefei	SE	−5.84	−5.41			−40.96	−35.47			5.79	7.78
Ma’anshan	SE	−7.69	−6.87			−52.06	−44.77			9.50	10.21
Shanghai	SE	−4.95	−4.22	−5.43	−4.48	−32.85	−26.68	−34.01	−30.67	6.78	7.07	9.46	5.18
Shaoxing	SE	−7.75	−7.23			−52.07	−45.09			9.95	12.78
Hangzhou	SE		−6.40				−40.18				11.04
Quzhou	SE	−6.97	−6.59	−6.91	−6.63	−44.79	−40.92	−41.39	−41.99	10.96	11.76	13.92	11.04
Lishui	SE	−8.24	−7.11	−7.90	−7.24	−54.74	−43.40	−50.32	−46.67	11.21	13.47	12.87	11.28
Fuzhou	SE	−6.25	−5.96	−6.60	−7.47	−40.60	−34.28	−41.74	−47.84	9.42	13.39	11.04	11.95
Longyan	SE	−6.39	−6.59	−6.55	−6.75	−37.88	−39.04	−38.89	−40.36	13.25	13.66	13.49	13.62
Liuzhou	SE	−6.14				−35.17				13.93
Shaoguan	SE	−6.25	−5.55	−6.66	−7.09	−38.86	−32.53	−39.03	−42.28	11.15	11.88	14.28	14.46
Xiamen	SE	−6.24	−6.13	−6.64	−6.95	−39.55	−37.22	−41.80	−44.97	10.38	11.85	11.33	10.62
Bose	SW		−8.61	−9.12	−9.03		−59.88	−59.76	−61.60		9.03	13.17	10.60
Guangzhou	SE	−6.16	−5.49	−6.38	−6.53	−39.69	−31.97	−40.62	−42.75	9.58	11.96	10.44	9.51
Nanning	SE	−7.94	−7.76	−7.95	−8.54	−54.79	−54.35	−53.91	−59.61	8.70	7.69	9.68	8.71
Shenzhen	SE	−5.55	−5.03	−6.24	−6.03	−35.72	−31.55	−37.80	−38.15	8.64	8.71	12.10	10.09
Qinzhou	SE	−6.55	−6.16			−41.10	−38.79			11.32	10.49
Zhanjiang	SE	−6.53	−4.23	−5.12	−7.02	−45.68	−28.68	−30.35	−48.74	6.58	5.16	10.62	7.42
Haikou	SE	−6.49	−6.64	−6.31	−6.63	−42.49	−44.71	−41.84	−45.14	9.46	8.42	8.60	7.92

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Table 3 Summary of δ¹⁸O, δ²H and d-excess seasonal values in tap water samples. NE, NW,N,SW,SE,QP stands for stands for different regions of China namely northeastern, northwestern, northern, southwestern, southeastern and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

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