Figure 4: Key bacterial alterations under low-dose penicillin treatment.

(a) Cladogram generated by LEfSe analysis showing enriched taxa in 2-week feces from control/metronidazol super-group (red) and penicillin group (green). (b) LDA scores of enriched taxa from a. (c) Heatmap showing relative abundance of key genera generated by LEfSe anaylsis. (d) Variance of segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) relative abundance after penicillin treatment (1 μg/d · g bodyweight) quantified by qPCR. (e) SFB abundance changes under different levels of low-dose penicillin treatment. Data in d and e are expressed as relative fold difference to one of the samples and expressed as mean ± SEM. **P < 0.01, NS: not significant, one-way ANOVA.