Figure 2: Changes of autophagic signaling in livers after exposure to IR.

(a) Western blot analysis of autophagic marker (LC3II and P62) levels after exposure to different times of reperfusion (2, 6, 12 or 24 h). (b) Expression of P62 mRNA in livers after exposure to IR, expressed as fold change over that of the sham group, and determined using qRT-PCR. (c) Quantitative changes of autophagic vacuoles under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in livers after exposure to 12 h-reperfusion. Typical images are shown at a higher magnification. (d) Immunofluorescent staining and quantitative changes of P62 (green) in livers exposed to 12 h- reperfusion. The nucleus was counter-stained with DAPI (blue). ***P < 0.001.