Table 1 Sexual dichromatism showed in carotenoid-based and melanin-based parts.

From: Himalayan black bulbuls (Hypsipetes leucocephalus niggerimus) exhibit sexual dichromatism under ultraviolet light that is invisible to the human eye

Parts tested

Item

df

F

p

Carotenoid-based parts

 

Yeara

14

27.18

<0.0001*

 

Sex

7

2.82

0.010*

 

Sex*Year

14

1.29

0.216

Live melanin-based parts

 

Year

30

9.69

<0.0001*

 

Sex

15

1.47

0.135

 

Sex*Year

30

0.80

0.758

Skin specimen melanin-based parts

 

Museumb

15

18.21

0.182

 

Sex

15

9.05

0.256

 

Specimen agec

30

7.31

0.033*

 

Season of colloectiond

15

8.33

0.266

  1. MANOVA.
  2. aThree different sampling years, including 2008, 2009 and 2011.
  3. bSkin specimens were collected from two museums, including Taiwan’s National Museum of Natural Science and Endemic Species Research Institute.
  4. cSpecimens were classified into three age categories, <5 yrs, 5–10 yrs and 10–15 yrs.
  5. dThe season collection of specimens were classified into two categories, breeding season (from April to July) and non-breeding season (from August to March).
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