Figure 4: Raffinose induces expression as well as DNA binding of JunD and Fra1 in the promoters of invoucrin and loricrin. | Scientific Reports

Figure 4: Raffinose induces expression as well as DNA binding of JunD and Fra1 in the promoters of invoucrin and loricrin.

From: The trisaccharide raffinose modulates epidermal differentiation through activation of liver X receptor

Figure 4

(a) HaCaT cells were treated with vehicle, 1 μM or 10 μM raffinose (Raf), or 1 μM TO901317 (T17) for 24 h. mRNA expression of the indicated AP1 components was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Numbers represent the means ± SEM of three independent experiments. **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 compared with vehicle. (b) HaCaT cells were treated with vehicle, 1 μM raffinose, or 1 μM TO901317 for 24 h. Expression of JunD and Fra1 protein was analyzed by western blotting. The original blots are shown in Supplementary Fig. S9. (c) Schematic representation of AP1 response element in the promoters of involucrin (IVL) and loricrine (LOR) and primers used for ChIP assay (upper)25,26. HaCaT cells were treated with 1 μM raffinose or 1 μM TO901317 for 24 h. DNA fragments that were immunoprecipitated (IP) using the indicated antibodies were amplified by qPCR. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 compared with vehicle treatment (lower).

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