Table 1 The level of serum biochemical parameters in mice.

From: Upregulation of skeletal muscle PGC-1α through the elevation of cyclic AMP levels by Cyanidin-3-glucoside enhances exercise performance

 

No exercise

Swimming

Control

Cy3G

Urea nitrogen (mg/dL)

32.3 ± 0.9

28 ± 3.5

22 ± 1.8**,#

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.15 ± 0.01

0.20 ± 0.05

0.12 ± 0.02#

Total ketone bodies (μM)

593.3 ± 53.3

1282.0 ± 210.4**

847.8 ± 143.5*,##

AST (IU/L)

1690.0 ± 258.9

2082.5 ± 334.3

2075.0 ± 388.9

ALT (IU/L)

226.3 ± 3.5

226.8 ± 40.4

160.2 ± 103.0

ALP (IU/L)

345.0 ± 17.9

433.7 ± 37.6**

347.5 ± 40.9#

NEFA (μEq/L)

1125.8 ± 140.9

1298.2 ± 129.8

1080.0 ± 122.6#

  1. Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. *P ≤ 0.05 and **P ≤ 0.01 indicate a significant difference from the no exercise group. #P ≤ 0.05 indicates a significant difference from the control group. AST: aspartate transaminase, ALT: alanine transaminase, ALP: alkaline phosphatase, NEFA: non-esterified fatty acid.
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