Figure 5: Forces applied to EcadTSMod are stable during epithelial cell division.
(a) Spatio-temporal acquisition of EcadTSMod fluorescence images and the corresponding force images at different time points. On fluorescence images, the black arrowheads point to the division site and the red dotted lines indicate the cell-cell contact presented as a kymograph below. The temporal resolution is 1 image every 20 seconds. The vertical arrowheads on the kymograph indicate the site of division while the horizontal one marks the starting time of contraction. The length of the kymograph varies over time due to the stretching of the membrane during the division. (b) Mean forces and standard deviations of all XY coordinates over the time series for EcadTSMod in dividing Xenopus embryo epithelial cells, the arrowhead indicates the site of division. Values represent the mean ± SD. (c,d) Ratio of the force measured at the dividing site and on the proximal membrane (c) or on a distal membrane on a non-dividing cell (d), during the progress of cell division. The force is measured at the same time point at the dividing site and in a region in the proximal or distal membrane. The corresponding percentage of progress of division is calculated by measuring the distance of the two dividing point. The graph shows the results obtained for 44 division sites (which represents 7 independent experiments, 18 embryos and 27 cells). In the box plot, bold bars correspond to median value, whiskers to the value 1.5x away from the 1st and 3rd quartiles, and the dots to outliers.
