Figure 5: Phylogenetic and linkage analyses of the pretreatment and posttreatment HCV clones in non-SVR cases.

Phylogenetic trees showing the pretreatment and posttreatment HCV clones with and without specific drug-resistant mutations (A. Case#2. B. Case#16. C. Case#3). Several synonymous nucleotide alterations (blue triangles) co-existed with C504A corresponding to amino acid D168E (red triangles) (A), C91A corresponding to L31M (red triangles) (B), and G162T corresponding to Q54H (red triangles) (C) in a subset of pretreatment viral isolates and the majority of RAVs at treatment failure. In phylogenetic trees, orange dots indicate the pretreatment RAVs with the synonymous nucleotide alterations that were detectable in the majority of RAVs at treatment failure. Black dots indicate the pretreatment RAVs without these synonymous nucleotides.