Figure 1: Concept of fast-slow optical modulation of blue/green UC fluorescence from Tm3+ (Er3+) single-doped GCs upon two-step excitation of two-wavelengths.

(a) The emitted signal of the blue/green UC fluorescence is controlled by a modulated gating NIR laser coupled with a C. W. laser. (b,c) Schematic diagram of the electronic transitions involved in the fast-slow fluorescence modulation from Tm3+ (b) or Er3+ (c) single-doped GCs. (d,e) The absorption (solid orange line), and emission (dotted line) spectra of Tm3+ (d) or Er3+ (e) single-doped GCs. The vertical arrows indicate the locations of the GSA and ESA wavelengths. Insets: Photographs of the corresponding Tm3+ (d) or Er3+ (e) single-doped glass and GCs.