Figure 3: Comparison of records to the ITCZ-stack over the last ~1000 years.
From: Tropical rainfall over the last two millennia: evidence for a low-latitude hydrologic seesaw
From top: Volcanic sulfate (SO4) recorded in ice cores from Antarctica and Greenland40, and solar forcing (dTSI) from 10Be in ice cores64. Note that solar and volcanic activity are plotted independently from their radiative forcing, which is much stronger for volcanic eruptions than for solar activity. Model-constrained multi-proxy NAO reconstruction by Ortega et al.6 with 91-point running average to highlight decadal-centennial trends. ITCZ-stack (this study), showing relative meridional ITCZ deflection over time. Global continental temperature reconstruction by the PAGES 2k consortium19 (grey line), and global sea surface temperature (SST) reconstruction by McGregor et al.20 (black line). The intervals of the Little Ice Age (LIA, ~1200–1850 C.E.) and Current Warm Period (CWP, after 1850), defined as in refs. 19, 20, 31 are highlighted with background shading.
