Figure 4: Effect of intranasal insulin on neuroinflammation markers.

(a) The GFAP and Iba1 levels in whole hippocampus extracts were measured via Western blots. (b) Densitometric quantification of the blots after normalization to the GAPDH level. Data are expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 9–11 per group). *P < 0.05 versus the control group; #P < 0.05 versus the STZ/Sal group. (c) Representative immunohistochemical staining of brain sections with an antibody against Iba1, n = 4 per group. Scale bar = 50 μm.