Table 1 Primary antibodies used in this study.

From: Long-term treatment with intranasal insulin ameliorates cognitive impairment, tau hyperphosphorylation, and microglial activation in a streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer’s rat model

Antibody

Phosphorylation sites

Source

pS199/202

Ser199/202

Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY

pT205

Thr205

Invitrogen

pS262

Ser262

Invitrogen

pS396

Ser396

Invitrogen

Tau-5

 

Millipore, Temecula, CA, USA

GSK-3α/β

 

Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA

GSK-3α/β pS21/9

Ser21/9

Cell Signaling Technology

CDK5

 

Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA

P35

 

Cell Signaling Technology

ERK1/2

 

Cell Signaling Technology

ERK1/2(pT202/pY204)

Thr202/Tyr204

Cell Signaling Technology

JNK

 

Cell Signaling Technology

JNK(pT183/pY185)

Thr183/Tyr185

Cell Signaling Technology

CaMKII

 

Santa Cruz Biotechnology

CaMKII (pT286)

Thr286

Santa Cruz Biotechnology

Methyl-PP2A-C

 

Millipore

PP2A(pY307)

Tyr307

Santa Cruz Biotechnology

PP2A-C

 

Millipore

GFAP

 

Millipore

Iba1

 

Wako Chemicals, Richmond, VA, USA

Doublecortin

 

Santa Cruz Biotechnology

Synapsin 1

 

Santa Cruz Biotechnology

Synaptophysin

 

Millipore

PSD95

 

Cell Signaling Technology

IRβ

 

Cell Signaling Technology

p-IRβ/IGF-1Rβ

Tyr1150/1151(IRβ), Tyr1135/1136 (IGF-1Rβ)

Cell Signaling Technology

IRS1

 

Cell Signaling Technology

IRS1 pS636

Ser636

Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA

PI3K p85

 

Cell Signaling Technology

p-PI3K p85

Tyr458

Cell Signaling Technology

PDK1

 

Cell Signaling Technology

PDK1 pS241

Ser241

Cell Signaling Technology

AKT

 

Cell Signaling Technology

AKT pT308

Thr308

Cell Signaling Technology

AKT pS473

Ser473

Cell Signaling Technology

GAPDH

 

Santa Cruz Biotechnology