Figure 5: Analysis of intracellular choline, phosphocholine (PCho) and glycerophosphocholine (GPC) by ¹H NMR.

The bar graphs (a–c) represent the mean ± SEM from three separate biological replicate experiments. Details of resonance assignment can be found in Table S5. Two-tailed Student’s t-test was used to determine statistical significance and *represents p < 0.05. (d) NMR spectrum of PCho and GPC signals in the wild type and the mutant samples.