Table 2 Serum hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate and cytokines.

From: Increased Serum Hyaluronic Acid and Heparan Sulfate in Dengue Fever: Association with Plasma Leakage and Disease Severity

Categories

DHF (n = 20)

DF (n = 30)

Non-dengue acute febrile illness (n = 11)

p value

Acute serum HA, ng/mL (median, IQR)

935.91 (377.17–4193.12)

886.81 (231.78–2274.15)

117.08 (115.63–296.37)

<0.001

Convalescent serum HA, ng/mL ng/mL (median, IQR)

100.11 (69.11–129.59)

89.89 (66.49–116.88)

100.86 (75.72–123.44)

0.913

Acute serum HS, ng/mL (median, IQR)

108.55 (62.99–126.97)

98.36 (77.80–120.56)

64.14 (54.28–95.07)

0.133

Convalescent serum HS, ng/mL (median, IQR)

16.78 (1.64–41.61)

32.24 (11.51–66.28)

95.07 (70.07–115.13)

<0.001

Acute serum IL-6, pg/mL (binary logarithm) (median, IQR)

2.74 (1.64–3.93)

2.65 (1.78–5.86)

NA*

1

Convalescent IL-6, pg/mL (binary logarithm) (median, IQR)

2.03 (1.35–3.38)

1.57 (0.64–2.88)

NA*

0.470

Acute serum IL-10, pg/mL (binary logarithm) (median, IQR)

5.93 (3.22–8.53)

5.86 (1.69–12.60)

NA*

0.497

Convalescent IL-10, pg/mL (binary logarithm) (median, IQR)

0.71 (0.50–0.75)

0.66 (0.48–0.86)

NA*

0.452

Acute serum TNF-α, pg/mL (binary logarithm) (median, IQR)

2.85 (0.63–6.06)

3.62 (0.10–20.27)

NA*

0.715

Convalescent TNF-α, pg/mL (binary logarithm) (median, IQR)

10.87 (4.44–18.41)

11.19 (1.95–15.49)

NA*

0.795

  1. Abbreviations: DHF, dengue hemorrhagic fever; DF, dengue fever; NA, not available; IQR, interquartile range; HA, hyaluronic acid; HS, heparan sulfate; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.
  2. *No data in non-dengue patient and healthy control.
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