Table 1 Kinetic parameters of the high-energy planetary ball milling process for the mechanochemical synthesis of various perovskite oxides.
From: Rapid and direct synthesis of complex perovskite oxides through a highly energetic planetary milling
Materiala | Millb | Ball/db (mm) | Disk speed (rpm) | ΔEb (mJ/hit)c | vt (s−1)d | t (h) | Ecum (kJ/g)e | Productf | ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BNT/KNN | No. 1 | WC/5 | 1000 | 115 | 15725 | 2.5 | 3257(1303) | ●/○ | This work |
BNT/KNN | No. 2 | WC/8 | 1000 | 421 | 3825 | 2 | 2320(1160) | ●/● | This work |
BNT/KNN | No. 3 | WC/10 | 1000 | 760 | 1955 | 2 | 2140(1070) | ●/● | This work |
BNT/KNN | No. 4 | WC/12 | 1000 | 1209 | 1105 | 2 | 1924(962) | ●/● | This work |
BNT/KNN | No. 5 | YSZ/3 | 1000 | 10.8 | 72250 | 5 | 2800(560) | ×/× | This work |
BNT/KNN | No. 6 | YSZ/5 | 1000 | 46.4 | 15725 | 2.5 | 1312.5(525) | ○/× | This work |
PT | P5 | WC/20 | 250 | 671 | 200 | 20 | 322(16.1) | ○ | [7] |
PZ | P5 | WC/20 | 200 | 429 | 160 | 24 | 198(8.2) | ∆ | [8] |
PZT | P5 | WC/20 | 200 | 429 | 160 | 80 | 659(8.2) | ○ | [9] |
PZT | P5 | WC/20 | 200 | 429 | 160 | 24 | 198(8.2) | ○ | [10] |
PLZT | P5 | WC/20 | 200 | 429 | 160 | 36 | 297(8.2) | ○ | [12] |
PLZT | PM400 | WC/10 | 200 | 43 | 1500 | 10 | 77(7.7) | ∆ | [13] |
PMN | P5 | WC/20 | 200 | 429 | 160 | 40 | 329(8.2) | ○ | [14] |
PMN | PM400 | WC/20 | 300 | 560 | 340 | 60 | 206(3.4) | ○ | [15] |
PMN | PM400 | WC/20 | 200 | 250 | 230 | 94 | 97(1.0) | ○ | [16] |
PMN-PT | P5 | WC/20 | 200 | 429 | 160 | 20 | 165(8.2) | ○ | [18] |
PMN-PT | PM400 | WC/20 | 300 | 560 | 340 | 64 | 219(3.4) | ○ | [19] |
BT | PM400 | WC/10 | 200 | 43 | 1500 | 10 | 77(7.7) | × | [20] |
NN | PM400 | YSZ/10 | 300 | 35 | 900 | 40 | 907(22.7) | ○ | [22] |
NN | PM400 | YSZ/10 | 200 | 15 | 600 | 400 | 2592(6.5) | ● | [23] |
NN | P4 | WC/15 | 300 | 370 | 360 | 96 | 1534(16.0) | ● | [23] |
KN | PM400 | YSZ/10 | 300 | 35 | 900 | 40 | 907(22.7) | × | [22] |
KN | P4 | WC/15 | 270 | 300 | 320 | 350 | 12096(34.6) | ∆ | [24] |
KNN | PM400 | YSZ/10 | 300 | 35 | 900 | 10 | 227(22.7) | × | [22] |
- aBNT: (Bi, Na)TiO3, KNN: (K, Na)NbO3, PT: PbTiO3, PZ: PbZrO3, PZT: Pb(Zr, Ti)O3, PLZT: (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O3, PMN: Pb(Mg, Nb)O3, PMN-PT: Pb(Mg, Nb)O3-PbTiO3, BT: BaTiO3, NN: NaNbO3, KN: KNbO3.
- bAll mills including that used in this work were of the planetary ball-mill type: P4 (Fritsch Pulverisette 4), P5 (Fritsch Pulverisette 5), and PM400 (Retsch PM400).
- cBall-impact energy32:
- dBall-impact frequency32:
- eCumulative kinetic energy32:
- Here, ρb is the density of the balls, db is the diameter of the balls, Wp is the rotational angular speed of the supporting disk, Wv is the rotational angular speed of the vial, Dv is the diameter of the vial, Rp is the distance between the rotational axes, Nb is the number of balls, K is a constant, t is the milling time and mp is the powder weight. The constant K was 1.5 cited from ref. 46. For other studies, the values of Ecum calculated assuming 1 h of milling are given in the parentheses for comparison with those of this work.
- fThe mechanochemical formation of the perovskite product was assessed based on the reported XRD patterns: ● (phase-pure), ○ (dominant but with contamination or an unreacted phase), ∆ (partly formed), × (not formed).
