Table 3 Cox regression analyses for independent factors associated with CKD development.

From: Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitor is Associated with Lower Risk of Ensuing Chronic Kidney Disease after Functional Recovery from Acute Kidney Injury

Covariate

Univariate Analysis

Multivariate analysis

HR (95% CI)

P

HR (95% CI)

P

Demographic characteristics

 Age

1.04 (1.03–1.05)

<0.001

1.03 (1.02–1.05)

<0.001

 Sexa

0.81 (0.62–1.06)

0.12

  

 Diabetes mellitusb

1.99 (1.53–2.57)

<0.001

1.61 (1.23–2.10)

0.001

 Hypertensionb

1.56 (1.20–2.02)

0.001

1.48 (1.12–1.95)

0.006

 Congestive heart failure NYHA III or IVb

1.38 (1.06–1.81)

0.02

1.38 (1.05–1.81)

0.02

 Coronary artery diseaseb

1.23 (0.93–1.61)

0.15

  

 Peripheral arterial occlusive diseaseb

1.44 (0.94–2.21)

0.09

  

 Hyperlipidemiab

0.99 (0.75–1.31)

0.95

  

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseb

1.01 (0.67–1.52)

0.96

  

 Chronic hepatitisb

1.78 (0.88–3.60)

0.11

  

 Hyperuricemiab

1.97 (1.44–2.70)

<0.001

1.64 (1.19–2.27)

0.003

 Metastatic cancerb

0.96 (0.71–1.30)

0.79

  

 Current or former smokerb

0.97 (0.61–1.55)

0.90

  

Laboratory data

 Baseline hemoglobin, g/dl

0.86 (0.80–0.93)

<0.001

0.91 (0.84–0.99)

0.02

 Baseline albumin, g/dl

0.68 (0.52–0.89)

0.005

1.17 (0.86–1.59)

0.32

 Baseline SCr, mg/dl

8.72 (4.09–18.58)

<0.001

  

 Baseline eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2

0.96 (0.96–0.97)

<0.001

0.98 (0.97–0.99)

<0.001

 SCr at AKI, mg/dl

1.47 (1.35–1.60)

<0.001

1.52 (1.36–1.70)

<0.001

 Urine protein at AKIc

2.25 (1.37–3.69)

0.001

1.37 (0.81–2.32)

0.24

 AKI staged

2.33 (1.57–3.44)

<0.001

  

Surgical procedure

 Coronary artery bypass graftinge

1.35 (0.92–1.97)

0.13

  

 Valve surgerye

0.85 (0.57–1.28)

0.43

  

 Heart transplante

1.47 (0.84–2.58)

0.18

  

Medication

 RAS inhibitorb

0.47 (0.31–0.72)

<0.001

0.46 (0.30–0.70)

<0.001

 Anti-HTN agentsb

0.99 (0.76–1.29)

0.92

  

 Statinsb

0.94 (0.70–1.25)

0.66

  

 Immunosuppressantsb

1.19 (0.74–1.93)

0.48

  
  1. Annotation: aMan compared to woman; bCompared to no status; cSevere compared to mild; dStage II + III compared to stage I; eCompared to other cardiac surgery.
  2. Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
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