Figure 2: The competition between peer exclusion and peer punishment in the optional PGG.
From: Competitions between prosocial exclusions and punishments in finite populations
In the absence of second-order sanctioning, shown in panel (a), both strategies survive but peer exclusion dominates. If second-order exclusion and punishment are applied then peer excluders prevail, as shown in panel (b). Both the cost and fine of punishment are equal. Parameters: N = 5, r = 3, c = 1, μ = 10−6, σ = 1, M = 100, cE = 0.4, and β = γ = 0.4.
