Figure 3: The competition between pool exclusion and peer exclusion in the optional PGG.
From: Competitions between prosocial exclusions and punishments in finite populations
In the absence of second-order exclusion, peer excluders prevail, shown in panel (a). Panel (b) shows the opposite case which happens if second-order exclusion is applied. Parameters: N = 5, r = 3, c = 1, μ = 10−6, σ = 1, M = 100, and cE = δ = 0.4.
