Figure 1: This schematic illustrates the stimuli and manipulations associated with the Pre-Training, Training and Post-Training phases.

Pre-Training phase: Tools which were a priori motorically familiar (like fork and pliers) and unfamiliar (like chopsticks and wrench) were used for actions on goal-items that were, when paired, conceptually familiar (e.g. fork with food) or unfamiliar (fork with workbench). Each tool and goal-item combination was uniquely associated with a particular shirt color. This association was not made explicit to the participants. Training: Participants were randomly assigned to one of two Training groups. Training group A received motoric training with using the motorically unfamiliar tool from Set 1 (chopsticks) and were assigned to a conceptual manipulation that makde an initially conceptually unfamiliar tool-goal-item pairing conceptually familiar (Set 2- tools [e.g., pliers] with food). For Training group B, the sets for the motoric training and conceptual manipulation were reversed. Post-Training: For each Training group, two new categories emerged, the motorically trained tool and conceptually manipulated tool-goal-item association. In the analyses of interest, we collapsed over the stimuli across training groups to contrast motorically familiar, unfamiliar, and trained as well as conceptually familiar, unfamiliar, and manipulated actions.