Table 1 Summary of clusters derived by latent class analyses

From: A two-locus genetic interaction between LPHN3 and 11q predicts ADHD severity and long-term outcome

Questions

Criteria a

Cluster

Characteristic and affection status for broader phenotype

Predominant gender and age classes

Severity of symptoms

n (%)

Inattention

 1–9

>5

1

Minimal symptoms, unaffected for ADHD

Females-adults

Not severe

370 (27.6)

  

2

Few symptoms, unaffected for ADHD

Males-adults

Not severe

313 (23.4)

  

3

Mostly inattentive, high presence of symptoms, affected for ADHD

Males-children and adolescents (few adults)

Severe

271 (20.2)

  

4

Mostly inattentive, higher presence of symptoms, affected for ADHD

Males-children and adolescents (few adults)

Severe

182 (13.6)

  

5

Fewer symptoms, affected for ADHD

Males-adults

Severe

151 (11.3)

  

6

Fewer symptoms, affected for ADHD

Males-children

Severe

53 (4.0)

Hyperactivity/impulsivity

 10–18

>5

1

Minimal H/I symptoms, most individuals unaffected for ADHD

Females-adults

Not severe

418 (31.2)

  

2

Minimal H/I symptoms, most individuals unaffected for ADHD

Males-adults

Not severe

307 (22.9)

  

3

Few symptoms, affected for ADHD

Males-adolescents

Severe

165 (12.3)

  

4

High presence of symptoms except for Q12, most individuals affected for ADHD

Males-children and adolescents (few Adults)

Severe

165 (12.3)

  

5

Few symptoms for Q10–14 and fewer for Q15-Q18, individuals are mostly affected

Females-adults

Severe

101 (7.5)

  

6

Few symptoms for Q10 and Q11, but minimal symptoms for the rest; ADHD affection status is equally present

Males-all ages

Not severe

58 (4.3)

  

7

Mostly H/I individuals, all affected for ADHD; higher presence of symptoms

Males-children

Severe

53 (4.0)

  

8

Mostly H/I individuals affected for ADHD; high presence of symptoms

Males-children

Severe

48 (3.6)

  

9

Few-to-minimal symptoms except in Q15; ADHD affection status is equally present

Males-children

Not severe

25 (1.9)

ODD

 19–26

>3

1

Minimal symptoms, most individuals unaffected for ADHD

Female-adults

Not severe

365 (27.2)

  

2

Few symptoms, most individuals affected for ADHD

Male-all ages

Not severe

293 (21.9)

  

3

High presence of symptoms in Q19–25 and few for Q26; most individuals affected for ADHD

Males-children

Severe

182 (13.6)

  

4

Minimal symptoms in all questions; individuals are mostly unaffected for ADHD

Males-adults

Not severe

161 (12)

  

5

Minimal symptoms in all questions; ADHD affection status is equally present

Males-children and adolescents (few adults)

Not severe

149 (11.1)

  

6

Few symptoms in Q20 and Q24; ADHD affection status is equally present

Females-adults

Not severe

143 (10.7)

  

7

Higher presence of symptoms in all questions; most individuals affected for ADHD

Males-children and adolescents (few adults)

Severe

47 (3.5)

Anxiety and depression

 41–47

>2

1

Minimal symptoms in all questions; individuals are mostly unaffected for ADHD

Males-adults

Not severe

375 (28.0)

  

2

Fewer symptoms; mostly affected individuals

Females-adults

Not severe

376 (28.1)

  

3

Few symptoms; most individuals unaffected for ADHD

Males-children

Not severe

255 (19)

  

4

Fewer symptoms in Q41, Q42 and Q47 with few on the rest; most individuals affected for ADHD

Males-children

Not severe

157 (11.7)

  

5

High presence of symptoms; most individuals affected for ADHD

Females-adults

Severe

132 (9.9)

  

6

Higher presence of symptoms in all questions; most individuals affected for ADHD

Females-adults

Severe

45 (3.4)

  1. Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; adolescents, 12–17 years; adults, >17 years; children, 4–11 years; H/I, hyperactivity/impulsivity; ODD, oppositional defiant disorder; Q, question.
  2. aNumber of questions being marked as ‘often’ or ‘very often’ in the Vanderbilt Assessment Scale for Parents (VAS-P) questionnaire.