Table 1 Summary of maternal antibody reactivity to the target autoantigens

From: Autism-specific maternal autoantibodies recognize critical proteins in developing brain

Antigen/antigen combinations

AU/ASD, % (n=246)

TD, % (n=149)

P-valuea

OR (95% CI)

Reactivity to any antigenb

89 (218)

70 (105)

<0.0001

3.26 (1.92–5.53)

Individual proteins

 LDH

28 (68)

13 (20)

0.0012

2.5 (1.4–4.3)

 Cypin

25 (62)

19 (29)

0.22

1.4 (0.8–2.3)

 STIP1

59 (145)

36 (53)

<0.0001

2.6 (1.7–4)

 CRMP1

32 (78)

18 (27)

0.0034

2.1 (1.3–3.4)

 CRMP2

18 (44)

7 (11)

0.004

2.7 (1.4–5.5)

 YBX1

31 (78)

23 (34)

0.065

1.57 (0.98–2.5)

Significant combinations

 LDH+STIP1

16 (40)

6 (9)

0.0026c

3.0 (1.4–6.4)

 LDH+CRMP1

9 (22)

3 (4)

0.0196c

3.6 (1.2–10.5)

 Cypin+STIP1

18 (45)

8 (12)

0.0049c

2.6 (1.3–5)

 Cypin+CRMP1

9 (22)

3 (5)

0.038c

2.8 (1–7.6)

 STIP1+CRMP1

18 (45)

7 (10)

0.0014c

3.1 (1.5–6.4)

Specific combinations

Combinations of two antigens

 LDH+YBX1

2 (4)

0 (0)

0.16c

3.1 (0.37–124)d

 LDH+CRMP2

1 (2)

0 (0)

0.5c

2.18 (0.15–67)d

 YBX1+CRMP2

5 (12)

0.6 (1)

0.037c

7.6 (0.97–59)d

 CRMP1+CRMP2

1 (2)

0 (0)

0.5c

2.18 (0.15–67)d

Combinations of three or more antigens

 LDH+Cypin+STIP1

5 (12)

0.6 (1)

0.0371c

3.8 (0.96–29.1)d

 LDH+STIP1+CRMP1

5 (13)

0 (0)

0.0025c

8.3 (1–293)d

 LDH+Cypin+STIP1+CRMP1

2 (5)

0 (0)

0.16c

3.1 (0.37–124)d

 LDH+Cypin+YBX1+STIP1

2 (4)

0 (0)

0.16c

3.1 (0.37–124)d

 LDH+Cypin+YBX1+STIP1+CRMP2

0.4 (1)

0 (0)

1c

1.82 (0.07–45)d

 LDH+YBX1+STIP1+CRMP1+CRMP2

0.4 (1)

0 (0)

1c

1.82 (0.07–45)d

 Cypin+STIP1+CRMP1

7 (18)

0.6 (1)

0.0025c

5.8 (1.5–43.9)d

 Cypin+YBX1+STIP1+CRMP1

2 (4)

0 (0)e

0.16c

3.1 (0.37–124)d

 Cypin+YBX1+STIP1+CRMP2

1 (2)

0 (0)

0.5c

2.18 (0.15–67)d

 Cypin+YBX1+STIP1+CRMP1+CRMP2

0.4 (1)

0 (0)

1c

1.82 (0.07–45)d

 YBX1+STIP1+CRMP2

1 (2)

0 (0)

0.5c

2.18 (0.15–67)d

 YBX1+STIP1+CRMP1+CRMP2

1 (2)

0 (0)

0.5c

2.18 (0.15–67)d

All specific combinations combined

23 (56)f

1 (2)

<0.0001c

21.7 (5.2–90)

  1. Abbreviations: ASD, autism spectrum disorder; AU, autism; CI, confidence interval; CRMP, collapsin response mediator protein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; OR, odds ratio; STIP1, stress-induced phosphoprotein 1; TD, typically developing; YBX1, Y-box-binding protein.
  2. aLikelihood ratio χ2 test (two-sided).
  3. b‘Any’ in this context means the reactivity to an individual protein alone or in any combination.
  4. cFisher’s exact test (two-sided).
  5. dSmall sample size adjustment of OR and 95% confidence limits,25 implemented using R code (http://rss.acs.unt.edu/Rdoc/library/epitools/html/oddsratio.html).
  6. eYBX1 adds specificity to Cypin/STIP1/CRMP1 pattern.
  7. fTakes into account only those mothers with reactivity not represented in more than one pattern.
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