Table 1 Effects of vmPFC HFS on c-Fos-ir expression in brain regions implicated in the pathophysiology of depression

From: Electrical stimulation alleviates depressive-like behaviors of rats: investigation of brain targets and potential mechanisms

Brain regions

Subregion

HFS vmPFC (CUS)

SHAM (CUS)

P-value

  

Mean

±SEM

Mean

±SEM

 

Frontal cortex

Cg1

162.90

71.98

78.67

21.85

P=0.475

 

Cg 2

162.09

92.83

52.07

14.79

P=0.253

 

VO

380.93

87.34

382.16

102.36

P=0.993

 

LO

449.34

75.89

345.48

147.13

P=0.525

 

PrL

267.64

109.68

94.11

18.07

P =0.032

 

IL

146.35

85.79

87.22

25.37

P=0.571

Nucleus accumbens

NAc core

80.57

44.03

36.13

10.99

P=0.475

 

NAc shell

106.16

63.94

53.73

12.60

P=0.775

Habenula

MHb

3.93

0.93

6.07

3.41

P=0.584

 

LHb

68.94

18.24

15.87

9.62

P =0.042

Hippocampus

CA1

199.25

52.31

50.78

24.37

P =0.028

 

CA3

146.70

25.19

59.25

24.60

P =0.032

 

DG

200.23

42.12

196.32

77.25

P=0.964

Amygdala

MeA

153.95

31.92

140.90

16.88

P=0.725

 

CeA

108.66

25.90

56.48

15.39

P=0.114

 

LA

168.26

24.94

78.35

20.74

P =0.020

 

BLA

113.93

12.61

76.02

10.97

P =0.047

Hypothalamus

DMH

284.27

43.68

174.60

18.40

P =0.049

 

PeFLH

205.34

25.82

161.05

6.83

P=0.164

 

AH

100.23

18.96

34.36

7.02

P =0.012

 

PH

264.27

27.73

191.70

36.94

P=0.147

 

VMH

148.86

26.46

118.81

26.40

P=0.440

 

PaMP

157.11

35.45

52.53

12.22

P =0.030

 

PaLM

195.39

45.09

107.26

47.09

P=0.228

Anterior periaqueductal gray

dmPAG

78.26

9.30

67.60

18.23

P=0.597

 

dlPAG

92.36

15.25

73.42

19.93

P=0.459

 

lPAG

154.58

19.20

119.19

24.57

P=0.274

 

vlPAG

127.01

19.51

114.97

38.24

P=0.775

Posterior periaqueductal gray

dmPAG

136.07

14.06

116.16

21.82

P=0.446

 

dlPAG

111.43

12.95

110.03

22.74

P=0.956

 

lPAG

142.78

11.66

146.59

27.23

P=0.894

 

vlPAG

153.17

15.65

171.02

28.34

P=0.578

Deep cerebellar nuclei

Dent

92.03

13.79

107.68

3.76

P=0.265

 

IntMC

81.56

6.05

118.03

12.95

P =0.049

 

IntPC

113.39

28.10

126.04

13.37

P=0.678

 

Fast

44.39

11.87

59.85

6.66

P=0.263

Vestibular nuclei

MVePC

20.70

3.38

26.00

4.65

P=0.391

 

MVeMC

25.40

4.45

30.53

4.58

P=0.442

 

SpVe

60.85

7.95

68.80

4.00

P=0.370

Dorsal raphe nucleus

DRD

34.11

4.94

21.74

2.06

P =0.034

 

DRV

18.80

5.28

17.03

3.39

P=0.686

 

DRVL

41.86

2.49

23.07

1.22

P =0.001

  1. Abbreviations: AH, anterior hypothalamus; BLA, basolateral amygdaloid nucleus; CA1, hippocampal CA1 field; CA3, hippocampal CA3 field; CeA, central amygdaloid nucleus; Cg1, dorsal cingulate cortex area 1; Cg2, dorsal cingulate cortex area 2; Dent, dentate nucleus of cerebellum; DG, dentate gyrus; DMH, dorsomedial hypothalamus; dlPAG, dorsolateral periaqueductal gray; dmPAG, dorsomedial periaqueductal gray; DRD, dorsal raphe nucleus, dorsal part; DRV, dorsal raphe nucleus, ventral part; DRVL, dorsal raphe nucleus, ventrolateral part; Fast, fastigial cerebellar nucleus; IL, infralimbic cortex; IntMC, interposed cebebellar nucleus, magnocelluar part; IntPC, interposed cebebellar nucleus, parvicelluar part; LA, lateral amygdaloid nucleus; LHb, lateral habenular nucleus; LO, lateral orbital cortex; lPAG, lateral periaqueductal gray; MeA, medial amygdaloid nucleus; MHb, medial habenular nucleus; MVeMC, medial vestibular nucleus, magnocellular part; MVePC, medial vestibular nucleus, parvicellular part; NAc core, nucleus accumbens core; NAc shell, nucleus accumbens shell; PaLM, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, lateral magnocellular; PaMP, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, medial parvicellular; PeFLH, perifornical nucleus of the hypothalamus; PH, posterior hypothalamus; PrL, prelimbic cortex; SpVe, spinal vestibular nucleus; vlPAG, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray; VMH, ventromedial hypothalamus; VO, ventral orbital cortex. Before being killed, animals received 1 h stimulation and 1 h interval in their home-cage to determine the peak level of nuclear protein c-Fos-ir expression. Note, a remarkable increase of c-Fos neuronal activation was detected in the vmPFC (PrL), LHb, hippocampus (CA1, CA3), amygdala (LA, BLA), hypothalamus (DMH, AH, PaMP) and DRN (DRD, DRVL). Interestingly, there was a decrease of c-Fos expression found in the deep cerebellar nucleus (IntMC). Data represent means±s.e.m. of c-Fos-ir cells per mm2. P-value o0.05 (in bold) indicates statistically significant difference from the Sham CUS animals.
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