Table 2 Summary of hierarchical regression analyses for variables predicting successful recognition of facial emotions and underneath the brain-behavior relationships (as reflected by the brain scores)

Predicting variables	Fear recognition			Predicting variables	Fear recognition
	B	SEB	β		B	SEB	β
Step 1				Step 2
Cocaine dependence	−14.61	6.25	−0.37*	Cocaine dependence	−7.77	7.48	−0.20
Opiate dependence	−11.68	6.87	−0.24	Opiate dependence	−10.81	6.47	−0.22
Alcohol dependence	9.06	7.28	0.17	Alcohol dependence	10.45	6.94	0.19
ΔR²			0.25**	Verbal IQ (NART)	0.85	0.29	0.42**
				Depressive mood (BDI-II)	−0.18	0.36	−0.11
				Anxiety (STAI-T)	0.33	0.30	0.22
				ΔR²			0.13*

Predicting variables	Brain score fear			Predicting variables	Brain score fear
	B	SEB	β		B	SEB	β
Step 1				Step 2
Cocaine dependence	−6.12	2.77	−0.35*	Cocaine dependence	−2.76	3.33	−0.16
Opiate dependence	−5.25	3.02	−0.25	Opiate dependence	−4.7	2.87	−0.22
Alcohol dependence	5.9	3.2	0.25	Alcohol dependence	6.87	3.07	0.29*
ΔR²			0.25**	Verbal IQ (NART)	0.31	0.13	0.35*
				Depressive mood (BDI-II)	−0.21	0.16	−0.30
				Anxiety (STAI-T)	0.21	0.13	0.32
				ΔR²			0.13*

Predicting variables	Anger recognition			Predicting variables	Anger recognition
	B	SEB	β		B	SEB	β
Step 1				Step 2
Cocaine dependence	−1.22	6.47	−0.03	Cocaine dependence	12.58	7.71	0.28
Opiate dependence	−32.94	7.1	−0.60**	Opiate dependence	−31.62	6.67	−0.58**
Alcohol dependence	1.46	7.53	0.02	Alcohol dependence	1.93	7.16	0.03
ΔR²			0.38**	Verbal IQ (NART)	0.81	0.3	0.35**
				Depressive mood (BDI-II)	−0.28	0.37	−0.15
				Anxiety (STAI-T)	−0.04	0.31	−0.02
				ΔR²			0.11*

Predicting variables	Brain score anger			Predicting variables	Brain score anger
	B	SEB	β		B	SEB	β
Step 1				Step 2
Cocaine dependence	−1.32	2.99	−0.07	Cocaine dependence	3.02	3.74	0.15
Opiate dependence	−12.13	3.27	−0.52**	Opiate dependence	−11.53	3.22	−0.49
Alcohol dependence	4.53	3.46	0.17	Alcohol dependence	5.24	3.46	0.20
ΔR²			0.30**	Verbal IQ (NART)	0.21	0.14	0.21*
				Depressive mood (BDI-II)	−0.24	0.18	−0.30
				Anxiety (STAI-T)	0.11	0.15	0.15
				ΔR²			0.07

Abbreviations: B, β-coefficient; β: standardized β-coefficient for the regression model; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory; NART, National Adult Reading Test; R², coefficient of determination; SEB, standard error of the β-coefficient; STAI-T, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (trait subscale); Δ, change.
Fear recognition: the significant effect of cocaine dependence at step 1 does not survive when verbal IQ is included in the model in step 2, suggesting that verbal IQ mediates fear recognition performance in cocaine-dependent individuals. Anger recognition: opiate dependence shows a highly significant effect at stage 1, and this effect survives the inclusion of verbal intelligence in the model. P is probability (*P<0.05; **P<0.001. The top half of the table shows the results for fear and the bottom half shows the results for anger.

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