Table 1 Sample characteristics by depressive symptoms (CES-D< or ⩾16)

From: Oxidative stress, anti-oxidants and the cross-sectional and longitudinal association with depressive symptoms: results from the CARDIA study

CARDIA exam year 15

 

CES-D<16

CES-D⩾16

P

Total

  

(N=2538)

(N=471)

 

(N=3009)a

Oxidative stress

     

 F2-isoprostanes pg ml−1

Median (IQR)

58.2 (38.2–68.3)

55.4 (41.9–75.0)

<0.001

50.9 (38.5–69.4)

Carotenoids

     

 Sum of five carotenoids (t-scores)b

Median (IQR)

252.0 (228.6–268.5)

234.4 (221.3–252.4)

<0.001

243.4 (227.2–266.50)

 Zeaxanthin/lutein μg dl−1

Median (IQR)

25.9 (17.5–31.3)

20.2 (15.6–27.6)

<0.001

23.1 (17.1–30.7)

 β-cryptoxanthin μg dl−1

Median (IQR)

12.1 (6.5–15.2)

8.4 (5.8–12.9)

<0.001

9.6 (6.4–14.7)

 Lycopene μg dl−1

Median (IQR)

40.2 (27.3–50.4)

35.0 (24.4–46.0)

<0.001

37.7 (26.9–49.7)

 α-carotene μg dl−1

Median (IQR)

5.9 (2.0–7.3)

2.6 (1.3.1–4.9)

<0.001

3.7 (1.9–6.9)

 β-carotene μg dl−1

Median (IQR)

22.5 (9.5–16.4)

12.1 (7.1–20.1)

<0.001

15.6 (9.1–26.4)

Depressive symptoms

     

 CES-D

Mean (s.d.)

6.3 (4.2)

22.8 (7.0)

 

8.9 (7.7)

 CES-D⩾16

 

—

—

 

15.7%

 CES-D⩾16 and/or antidepressant use

 

—

—

 

20.0%

 Antidepressant users

 

5.1%

19.1%

<0.001

7.3%

 N of times CES-D⩾16

0

75.4%

—

<0.001

63.9%

 over years 0, 10 and 15c

1

19.3%

29.0%

 

20.8%

 

2

5.3%

35.0%

 

9.8%

 

3

—

36.0%

 

5.5%

Sociodemographics

     

 Age

Mean (s.d.)

40.3 (3.6)

40.1 (3.7)

0.15

40.3 (3.6)

 Female

 

52.4%

63.9%

<0.001

54.2%

 White

 

58.3%

37.2%

<0.001

55.0%

 Education

   

<0.001

 
 

⩽High school

44.4%

55.9%

 

46.2%

 

(some) College

43.6%

33.3%

 

42.0%

 

⩾Master’s degree

11.9%

10.9%

 

11.8%

Health and lifestyle

     

 N somatic diseasesd

Mean (s.d.)

0.9 (1.1)

1.4 (1.5)

<0.001

1.0 (1.2)

 Supplement userse

 

61.4%

62.2%

0.74

61.5%

 Diet quality scoref

Mean (s.d.)

67 (11)

63 (11)

<0.001

67 (11)

 Smoking

Non (never and former)

81.8%

65.7%

<0.001

79.3%

 

Current

18.2%

34.3%

 

20.7%

 Alcohol

   

<0.001

 
 

♂/♀ 0 units per week

46.5%

50.1%

 

47.1%

 

♂⩽14/♀⩽7 units per week

42.0%

33.3%

 

40.7%

 

♂>14/♀>7 units per week

11.5%

16.6%

 

12.3%

 BMI kg/m2

Mean (s.d.)

28.3 (6.0)

29.7 (7.3)

<0.001

28.5 (6.2)

 Physical activity (exercise units)

Mean (s.d.)

367 (290)

281 (252)

<0.001

353 (286)

  1. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; IQR, interquartile range; N, number.
  2. aYear 15 N=3009 with valid CES-D score and valid F2-isoprostane (N=2974), at least one carotenoid value (N=2889), all five carotenoid values (N=2865).
  3. bSum of standardized values (t-scores) of zeaxanthin/lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, α-carotene, β-carotene.
  4. cNumber of times CES-D⩾16 over assessments at CARDIA exam years 5, 10, 15.
  5. dNumber or somatic diseases included in count: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart problem, diabetes, hepatitis in the past year, kidney failure/dialysis/transplant in the past year, nephritis in the past year, other kidney disease in the past year, liver cirrhosis, other liver disease in the past year, gallstones in the past year, migraine in the past year, peripheral vascular disease, cancer (ever), thyroid disease (ever), ulcer in the past year, other digestive disease in the past year, gout in the past year, asthma in the past year, epilepsy with seizures in the past year, tuberculosis in the past year, emphysema in the past year, multiple sclerosis in the past year, stroke in the past year, chronic bronchitis in the past year, HIV (ever), blood clot (past year), other major disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome.
  6. eUse of a multivitamin, vitamin A, C, E, beta-carotene or an antioxidant combination.
  7. fAverage score over CARDIA exam years 0, 7 and 20.
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