Table 2 Cross-sectional univariate associations of F2-isoprostanes and carotenoids with covariatesa

From: Oxidative stress, anti-oxidants and the cross-sectional and longitudinal association with depressive symptoms: results from the CARDIA study

CARDIA exam year 15

 

F2-isoprostanes

Sum of five carotenoids b

  

β

P

β

P

Depressive symptoms

     

 CES-D

 

0.07

<0.001

−0.16

<0.001

 CES-D⩾16

 

0.08

<0.001

−0.14

<0.001

 CES-D⩾16 and/or antidepressant use

 

0.09

<0.001

−0.13

<0.001

 Antidepressant users

 

0.07

<0.001

−0.06

<0.001

 N of times CES-D⩾16

0

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 over years 0, 10 and 15c

1

0.06

0.006

−0.05

0.007

 

2

0.07

<0.001

−0.09

<0.001

 

3

0.06

0.003

−0.09

<0.001

Sociodemographics

     

 Age

 

−0.02

0.180

0.04

0.023

 Sex

(male reference)

0.27

<0.001

0.00

0.984

 Race

(white reference)

0.00

0.820

−0.13

<0.001

 Education

⩽High school

Ref.

 

Ref.

 
 

(some) College

−0.09

<0.001

0.23

<0.001

 

⩾Master’s degree

−0.03

0.137

0.08

<0.001

Health and lifestyle

     

 N somatic diseasesd

 

0.07

<0.001

−0.07

<0.001

 Supplement userse

 

−0.13

<0.001

0.12

<0.001

 Diet quality scoref

 

−0.11

<0.001

0.33

<0.001

 Smoker

Non (never and former)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 
 

Current

0.08

<0.001

−0.23

<0.001

 Alcohol

♂/♀ 0 Units per week

Ref.

 

Ref.

 
 

♂⩽14 /♀⩽7 Units per week

−0.10

<0.001

0.10

<0.001

 

♂>14/♀>7 Units per week

0.07

<0.001

−0.03

0.078

 BMI kg/m2

 

0.34

<0.001

−0.28

<0.001

 Physical activity

Exercise units (EU)

−0.16

<0.001

0.13

<0.001

  1. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; N, number; Ref., reference.
  2. aF2-isoprostanes and carotenoids log-transformed for linear regression analysis. Results are reported as standardized regression coefficients. All the results are adjusted for CENTER at baseline.
  3. bSum of standardized values (t-scores) of zeaxanthin/lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, α-carotene, β-carotene
  4. cComparison of 1, 2 or 3 times CES-D⩾16 with CES-D score 0 times ⩾16 (over CARDIA exam years 5, 10, 15)
  5. dNumber of self-reported somatic diseases included in count: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart problem, diabetes, hepatitis in the past year, kidney failure/dialysis/transplant in the past year, nephritis in the past year, other kidney disease in the past year, liver cirrhosis, other liver disease in the past year, gallstones in the past year, migraine in the past year, peripheral vascular disease, cancer (ever), thyroid disease (ever), ulcer in the past year, other digestive disease in the past year, gout in the past year, asthma in the past year, epilepsy with seizures in the past year, tuberculosis in the past year, emphysema in the past year, multiple sclerosis in the past year, stroke in the past year, chronic bronchitis in the past year, HIV (ever), blood clot (past year), other major disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome.
  6. eUse of a multivitamin, vitamin A, C, E, beta-carotene or an antioxidant combination.
  7. fAverage score over CARDIA exam years 0, 7 and 20.
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