Table 3 Cross-sectional multivariable associations of F2-isoprostanes and carotenoids with depressive symptoms (CES-D)^a

CARDIA exam year 15		Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
		Age, sex, race, education			Age, sex, race, education, somatic disease, supplement use			Age, sex, race, education, somatic disease, supplement use, diet, BMI, smoking, alcohol, physical activity
		N	β	P	N	β	P	N	β	P
F2-isoprostanes
CES-D score		2968	0.05	0.009	2955	0.05	0.010	2926	0.01	0.731
CES-D⩾16		2968	0.06	0.002	2955	0.06	0.001	2926	0.03	0.113
CES-D⩾16 and/or AD use		2968	0.06	0.001	2955	0.06	0.001	2926	0.03	0.047
N CES-D ⩾16^b	0	2592	Ref.		2582	Ref.		2558	Ref.
	1		0.03	0.123		0.03	0.130		0.01	0.704
	2		0.05	0.009		0.05	0.008		0.03	0.111
	3		0.04	0.033		0.04	0.036		0.01	0.603
Sum of five carotenoids ^c
CES-D score		2865	−0.13	<0.001	2853	−0.13	<0.001	2825	−0.07	<0.001
CES-D ⩾16		2865	−0.11	<0.001	2853	−0.11	<0.001	2825	−0.06	<0.001
CES-D ⩾16 and/or AD use		2865	−0.11	<0.001	2853	−0.10	<0.001	2825	−0.06	<0.001
N CES-D ⩾16^b	0	2508	Ref.		2499			2475	Ref.
	1		−0.03	0.083		−0.03	0.096		0.00	0.981
	2		−0.07	0.001		−0.06	0.001		−0.02	0.206
	3		−0.07	<0.001		−0.07	<0.001		−0.03	0.062

Abbreviations: AD, antidepressant; BMI, body mass index; CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; N, number; Ref., reference.
^aF2-isoprostanes and carotenoids are log-transformed for linear regression analysis. Results are reported as standardized regression coefficients. All the results are adjusted for CENTER at baseline.
^bComparison of 1, 2 or 3 CES-D⩾16 with CES-D score 0⩾16 over years 5, 10, 15 as reference group.
^cSum of standardized values (t-scores) of zeaxanthin/lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, α-carotene, β-carotene.

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