Table 4 Cross-lagged longitudinal multivariable analyses of F2-isoprostanes and carotenoids with depressive symptoms (CES-D)^a

CARDIA exam years 10, 15 and 20			Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
Independent variable	Dependent variable	Adjusted for	Age, sex, race, education			Age, sex, race, education, somatic disease, supplement use			Age, sex, race, education, somatic disease, supplement use, diet, BMI, smoking, alcohol, physical activity
			N	β	P	N	β	P	N	β	P
F2-isoprostanes
CES-D^b	F2-isoprostanes 5 years later	Previous F2-isoprostane levels	2334	0.06	0.001	2321	0.05	0.002	2304	0.03	0.064
CES-D⩾16^b	F2-isoprostanes 5 years later	Previous F2-isoprostane levels	2334	0.05	0.003	2321	0.05	0.004	2304	0.03	0.048
CES-D⩾16 and/or AD^b	F2-isoprostanes 5 years later	Previous F2-isoprostane levels	2334	0.06	<0.001	2321	0.06	0.001	2304	0.04	0.012
F2-isoprostanes^c	CES-D 5 years later	Previous CES-D scores	2589	0.04	0.028	2576	0.04	0.028	2506	0.03	0.095
Sum of five carotenoids ^d
CES-D^e	Sum of five carotenoids 5 years later	Previous carotenoid levels	2356	−0.07	<0.001	2347	−0.07	<0.001	2306	−0.05	0.004
CES-D⩾16^e	Sum of five carotenoids 5 years later	Previous carotenoid levels	2356	−0.06	<0.001	2347	−0.06	<0.001	2306	−0.05	0.002
CES-D⩾16 and/or AD^e	Sum of five carotenoids 5 years later	Previous carotenoid levels	2356	−0.06	<0.001	2347	−0.06	<0.001	2306	−0.05	0.004
Sum of five carotenoids^f	CES-D 5 years later	Previous CES-D scores	2504	−0.03	0.069	2492	−0.03	0.086	2476	−0.01	0.560

Abbreviations: AD, antidepressant; BMI, body mass index; CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; N, number.
^aF2-isoprostanes and carotenoids log-transformed for linear regression analysis. Results are reported as standardized regression coefficients. All the results are adjusted for CENTER at baseline.
^bCES-D at year 15, F2-isoprostanes at year 20, covariates at year 15; adjusted for F2-isoprostanes at year 15.
^cF2-isoprostanes at year 15, CES-D at year 20, covariates at year 15; adjusted for CES-D scores at year 15.
^dSum of standardized (t-scores) zeaxanthin/lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, α-carotene, β-carotene.
^eCES-D at year 10, sum of five carotenoids at year 15, covariates at year 10; adjusted for carotenoids at year 7 (as there are no data on carotenoids available in year 10 (see Figure 1)).
^fSum of five carotenoids at year 15, CES-D at year 20, covariates at year 15; adjusted for CES-D scores at year 15.

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