Table 1 Selected characteristics of included studies investigating the association between childhood maltreatment and depression
Author(s) | Total N | Location | Maltreatment | Depression | Confounders | Covariates | Modifiable predictor | Study quality (NOS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Measure | Mean age (s.d.) or range | Measure | Mean (s.d.) age or range | |||||||
Brensilver et al.20 | 454 | USA | Neglect, physical, sexual, emotional, caretaker incapacity | Official report | 11 (1.5) | Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) | 12.73 (1.21) | — | Child's age, ethnicity, household income, caretaker depression/anxiety | Externalizing behavior | 6 |
Brody et al.25 | 368 | USA | Physical | 4 items from Harsh/Inconsistent Parenting Scale | 11.2 (0.34) | Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) | 19.2 (0.34) | Gender, SES, 5-HTTLPR genotype | — | Youth anger | 5 |
Clark et al.26 | 455 | Not reported | Physical and sexual | Expanded assessment for PTSD, part of the SADS for DSM-IV criteria | 8.4 (5.4) | Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | 19 (s.d. not reported) | — | Gender, ethnicity, SES | — | 5 |
Danese et al.16 | 892 | New Zealand | Neglect, physical, sexual, harsh discipline | Cumulative exposure index based on: age 3 mother-child interactions, parental report of harsh discipline at age 7 & 9, retrospective reports of physical and sexual abuse at age 26. | 3 to 11 | Diagnostic Interview | 32 (s.d. not reported) | — | Family history, CV disease and depression, birth weight, child BMI, SES, smoking, physical activity, diet, medications | — | 7 |
Fergusson et al.17 | 893 | New Zealand | Physical and sexual | Retrospective reports at age 18 and 21 | 0 to 16 | Diagnostic Interview | 30 (s.d not reported) | 5-HTTLPE genotype | — | — | 5 |
Hankin27 | 652 | Not reported | Physical, sexual, emotional | Life Experiences Questionnsire (LEQ) | 0 to 14 | Composite depressive symptom variable, comprised of a standardized score on the BDI, and two subscales of the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ) | 18.7 (0.96) | Other abuse, baseline depression | — | Insecure attachment and negative cognitive style | 4 |
Herrenkohl et al.21 | 355 | USA | Not reported | Official report | 1.5 to 6 | Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | 36 (s.d. not reported) | Gender, SES, age, marital status, education | — | — | 5 |
Lee et al.22 | 849 | USA | Physical, emotional, neglect, moral/legal/educational | Official report | 0 to 11 | Moods and Feelings Questionnaire | 24 to 25 | Ethnicity, SES, cohort | — | — | 5 |
Lev-Wiesel et al.12 | 1003 | Israel | Sexual | The Childs Sexual Assults Scale | 0 to 14 | Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) | 18 to 44 | — | — | — | 2 |
Mersky & Topitzes23 | 1071 | USA | Mixed (no specifics reported) | Official report | 0 to 18 | 5 items from the Derogatis Brief Symptom Inventory Depression Subscale | 22 to 24 | Gender, ethnicity, birth weight, neighborhood poverty, household (crowding, parent-status, welfare reciept), mother (teen parent, employment, education) | CPC prescool participation and school-age participation | — | 5 |
Munson & McMillen13 | 404 | USA | Physical, sexual, neglect | Child Trauma Questionnaire | 0 to 17 | 11-item Depression-Arkansas Scale (D-ARK) | 17 to 19 | Gender, ethnicity, current living situation, alcohol, marijuana use, family history of mental health and suicide, criminal history | — | — | 5 |
O'Connor et al.28 | 500 | UK | Sexual | Lifestyle and Coping Questionnaire | Not reported | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) | 15 to 16 | — | — | — | 2 |
Paredes & Calvete,37 | 998 | Spain | Emotional | Conflict Tactics Scale parent-to-child version (CTS-PC) | 13 to 17 | Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) | 11.33 (5.73) | — | — | Negative cognitive style, and two components of rumination (brooding and reflection) | 4 |
Rich et al.31 | 524 | USA | Physical, emotional, sexual | Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) and The Child Sexual Victimisation Questionnaire | 0 to 14 | Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | 18 to 19 | — | Dating violence and sexual victimisation in adolescence | — | 4 |
Robertson-Blackmore et al.18 | 374 | USA | Physical, emotional, sexual | PTSD section of the SCID (structured clinical interview) | Not reported | Diagnostic Interview | 24.5 (3.7) | — | Age, parity, ethnicity, education, marital status, history of depression | — | 5 |
Salazar et al.19 | 513 | USA | Phycial, sexual, psychological, neglect | Life Experiences Questionnsire (LEQ) | 17.39 (0.49) | Diagnostic Interview | 21.09 (no s.d. reported) | Gender, ethnicity | — | Social support | 5 |
Schilling et al.29 | 1093 | USA | Physical and neglect | Self-report | Not reported | Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) | Not reported | Gender, ethnicity, parents education | — | — | 5 |
Seng et al.32 | 566 | USA | Physical, sexual, emotional, neglect | Life Stressor checklist | 0 to 16 | Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS) | 27 (5.4) | Quality of life, peri-traumatic dissociation in labor | History of depression or PTSD | — | 3 |
Smit et al.14 | 4664 | The Netherlands | Phycial, sexual, emotional, psychological, neglect | Self-report | 0 to 16 | Diagnostic Interview | 40.08 to 41.5 | Gender, age, living situation, ethnicity, education, urbanization, risk exposure time | — | — | 6 |
Sperry & Widom,24 | 696 | USA | Physical, sexual, neglect | Official report | 0 to 11 | Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) | 41.2 (3.53) | Gender, age, ethnicity, mental health history | — | Social support | 7 |
Thornberry et al.15 | 738 | USA | Physical, sexual, neglect, moral/legal/educational | Official report | 0 to 18 | Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) | 17.9 (s.d. not reported) | Gender, ethnicity, parental education, family structure, economic disadvantage, community poverty | — | — | 5 |
Wu30 | 1273 | Taiwan | Physical, emotional, neglect | Self-report | Not reported | Symptom Checklist-90- Revised (SCL-90-R) | Not reported | — | — | — | 4 |
