Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study samples

From: Anterior cingulate cortex γ-aminobutyric acid deficits in youth with depression

Demographic variables

Newly recruited sample

Combined sample

 

MDD (n=24)

HC (n=15)

P-value

MDD (n=44)

HC (n=36)

P-value

Age (mean±s.d.)

16.07±2.64

15.33±2.68

0.41

16.31±2.64

15.80±2.12

0.33

Sex (n, female) (%)

11 (46%)

8 (53%)

0.65

23 (52%)

23 (64%)

0.30

Ethnicity (n) (%)

  

0.74

  

0.04a

 Caucasian

9 (38%)

4 (27%)

 

17 (39%)

13 (36%)

 

 African American

7 (29%)

7 (47%)

 

9 (20%)

14 (39%)

 

 Hispanic

6 (25%)

3 (20%)

 

14 (32%)

3 (8%)

 

 Asian/other

2 (8%)

1 (7%)

 

4 (10%)

6 (16%)

 

Clinical variables (mean±s.d.) (range)

      

 Anhedonia

6.58±2.65 (2–12)

2.30±0.67 (2–4)

<0.0005a

7.45±2.77 (2–12)

2.33±0.64 (0–4)

<0.0005a

 CDRS-R

46.71±11.21 (35–79)

18.80±2.74 (17–25)

<0.0005a

49.84±10.13 (35–79)

18.80±1.94 (17–25)

<0.0005a

 BDI-II

20.17±11.86 (0–40)

3.00±3.69 (0–10)

<0.0005a

24.32±12.76 (0–51)

3.00±3.34 (0–10)

<0.0005a

 BSSI

4.21±6.12 (0–21)

0±0(0–0)

<0.0005a

4.53±6.20 (0–26)

.08±0.28 (0–1)

<0.0005a

 MASC total

44.86±16.70 (2–76)

28.86±15.34 (4–57)

0.007a

48.10±22.11 (0–89)

28.00±14.32 (4–57)

<0.0005a

Illness history

      

Current comorbidity (n) (%)

      

 ADHD

6 (25)

0 (0)

 

7 (16)

0 (0)

 

 Generalized anxiety disorder

8 (33)

0 (0)

 

15 (34)

0 (0)

 

 Separation anxiety disorder

1 (4)

0 (0)

 

1 (2)

0 (0)

 

 Specific phobia

1 (4)

0 (0)

 

1 (2)

0 (0)

 

 Social anxiety disorder

4 (17)

0 (0)

 

5 (11)

0 (0)

 

 OCD

1 (4)

0 (0)

 

1 (2)

0 (0)

 

 PTSD

1 (4)

0 (0)

 

1 (2)

0 (0)

 

Number of episodes (n) (%)

      

 Single

16 (67)

0 (0)

 

28 (64)

0 (0)

 

 Recurrent

7 (29)

0 (0)

 

15 (34)

0 (0)

 

Episode duration in months (mean±s.d.) (range)b

48.36±49.02 (8–208)

0 (0)

 

53.43±51.18 (8–208)

0 (0)

 
  1. Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory, Second Edition; BSSI, Beck Scale of Suicidal Ideation; CDRS-R, Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised; HC, healthy controls; MASC, Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children; MDD, major depressive disorder; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.
  2. aSignificant difference between the MDD and HC groups (P<0.05).
  3. bA Mann–Whitney U-Test revealed no difference in MDD episode duration between the newly recruited depressed participants and the combined sample (U=205.5, P=0.71).
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