Table 4 Summary of multivariate logistic regression models examining AFE to football and clinically meaningful scores on measures of behavior, mood and cognitive function

From: Age of first exposure to American football and long-term neuropsychiatric and cognitive outcomes

214 Former American football players

 

AFE dichotomized (1, <12; 0, ⩾12)

Continuous AFE

Clinical tests

OR

95% CI

P

Adj. Pa

OR

95% CI

P

Adj. Pa

BRIEF-A BRI

2.16

1.19, 3.91

0.011

0.016

0.89

0.79, 1.01

0.08

0.10

BRIEF-A MI

2.10

1.17, 3.76

0.013

0.016

0.89

0.78, 1.00

0.05

0.09

BTACT

1.43

0.46, 4.41

0.54

0.54

0.94

0.75, 1.18

0.62

0.62

AES

2.39

1.32, 4.32

0.004

0.010

0.86

0.76, 0.97

0.014

0.046

CES-D

3.08

1.65, 5.76

<0.001

0.002

0.85

0.74, 0.97

0.018

0.046

  1. Abbreviations: Adj, adjusted; AES, Apathy Evaluation Scale; AFE, age of first exposure; BRI, Behavioral Regulation Index; BRIEF-A, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version; BTACT, Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CI, confidence interval; MI, Metacognition Index; OR, odds ratio.
  2. Clinical tests were dichotomized into impaired or not impaired using established cutoffs; higher scores reflect clinical impairment. Analyses adjusted for age, years of education and seasons of football play. A factor of 100 was applied to the BTACT to facilitate model fit.
  3. aP-values are adjusted for multiple comparisons via the false discovery rate method. The bold is used for those P values that are significant.
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