Research articles

A distinctive migration pattern consistent with fluid pressure diffusion is identified within a high-resolution earthquake catalogue of the 2017 Changdao swarm and suggests a fault-valve mechanism driven by overpressure CO2-rich fluids was responsible.

Widespread spatial synchrony of dry-hot events has been more frequent over the past four decades, increasing nearly ten folds, and reduces global ecosystem productivity and crop yields, based on survey, reanalysis, and remote sensing-based datasets

Compared to iron from groundwater, iron fertilization from glacial meltwater doubles primary production in low chlorophyll waters around South Georgia, according to analysis of in-situ experiments from the South Atlantic.

Integrating geodetic and seismic data with kinematic and dynamic modeling suggests that the 2025 Mw 7.7 Myanmar rupture transitioned between subshear and supershear speeds in both directions and was strongly influenced by thick sediments.

The 1951 Major Baltic Inflow did not impact stratification or hypoxia in the Baltic Sea over long timescales, according to analyses of simulations using a hydrodynamical-ecosystem numerical model.

After microplastic addition, rhizosphere nitrogen increased but phosphorus decreased in ectomycorrhizal trees, while arbuscular mycorrhizal trees showed an opposite trend of lower nitrogen and higher phosphorus in rhizosphere soil, based on a field study in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve, China.

A comprehensive mapping approach using MESSENGER data finds that slope lineae on Mercury are preferentially oriented towards the equator on the sun-facing slopes of impact craters, suggesting they form through volatile release due to insolation

In the United States, the avian influenza outbreak in dairy cattle could impact the economy and public health, with estimated losses to global domestic product of 0.9 percent and dairy output losses of up to 20 percent, according to a simulation of a computable general equilibrium model.

Global river runoff projections constrained by observations indicate stronger declines in runoff under climate change than raw model outputs, according to a study combining multiple observational datasets, two generations of climate models, and large ensemble sampling of internal variability.

67 million customers across the US rely on drinking water utilities that face higher climate risk than accounted for, which exposes major gaps in climate adaptation and resilience planning, suggests an assessment of vulnerability, exposure, and hazards across 1,455 municipal utilities.

Regional and global seismological observations in the uppermost lower mantle are best explained by the temperature-dependent lattice preferred orientation of bridgmanite, indicating that dislocation creep likely dominates deformation in this area, according to high- pressure and temperature analysis.

Massively increased ice speeds in combination with a stable terminus position led to a giant ice detachment (~40 million cubic meters) from a Tibetan glacier in November 2022, which ranks among the largest recorded ice avalanches, according to a study based on satellite imagery and seismic data.

Stratospheric water vapour injected by the 2022 Hunga eruption has now entered a steady decay phase and is expected to return to its pre-eruption range around 2030. This estimate combines satellite observations with a global transport model.

Accelerating ground settlement and reduced bearing capacity poses a critical threat to essential infrastructure due to permafrost degradation in Northern Alaska, according to integrated physics-constrained geotechnical model and process-based ground thermal modeling system.

Including permafrost and wildfire carbon emissions reduces the remaining allowable carbon budget for keeping the global average temperature increase below 1.5 degrees by 25%, according to Earth system model simulations.

Leaf coloration is found later than photosynthetic cessation in autumn across northern ecosystems, and the discrepancy grows from 2001 to 2021, which is primarily due to earlier starts of growing seasons and autumn warming, as revealed by remote sensing and climate data

Decarbonization of the power system is crucial for meeting climate goals, but it may unintentionally increase heat-related mortality in large urban areas such as Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao, according to an analysis that uses climate, weather, and health data and a statistical approach

During glacial periods, silicate weathering fluxes in the Indo-Pacific Convergence Zone were 33% higher compared to interglacial periods, with rainfalls amplifying it to 54–130%, according to numerical simulation of silicate chemical weathering.

Introduction of maize cultivation, rapid population growth, and extensive deforestation triggered a persistent shift toward open landscapes after the 18th century, as revealed by a multi-proxy reconstruction of five centuries of land use and vegetation change in the karst landscapes of Southwest China.

A design focus on resilience, sustainability, and urban welfare can help the concept of floating cities to reach its potential for relieving land scarcity as well as demands on coastlines, suggests an analysis of space, food and energy requirements.