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Technologies based on graphene and other two-dimensional materials are being commercialized in a number of areas, including electronics. But, as work on the Graphene Flagship illustrates, challenges in the scale-up and industrialization of graphene remain to be solved.
The complexity of the infrastructure underpinning the modern Internet has led to a lack of clarity on how to measure the energy consumption of web services and achieve sustainable web design. It is now crucial to redirect sustainability efforts in the sector towards more effective interventions.
Hall effect measurements are important in determining the electronic properties of emerging semiconductor materials, but care must be taken in their use and analysis.
The three-dimensional integration of electronic and photonic integrated circuits could solve critical input/output limitations in existing computing chips, and create larger, more complex chips for application in future data centres and high-performance systems.
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors could be used to build advanced 3D chips based on monolithic 3D integration. But challenges related to growing single-crystalline materials at low temperatures — as well as enhancing the performance of 2D transistors — need to be addressed first.
Three-dimensional technology — which can offer enhanced integration density and improved data communication — will be required to build large-scale artificial computing systems inspired by the brain.
Wearable sweat sensors could be used to monitor patients with heart failure, providing a route to personalized and automated patient management in hospitals and at home.
