Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain
the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in
Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles
and JavaScript.
npj Space Explorationhas APC waivers available that can be allocated upon acceptance on an ad-hoc basis. For additional information, contact the Journal Publisher, Jialiang Cai.
Space science, as a critical frontier field that integrates multidisciplinary development and collaborates with aerospace technology innovation, vividly reflects the defining characteristics of contemporary scientific fronts: expanding into the macroscopic extremes, delving into the microscopic depths, advancing toward extreme conditions, and driving highly integrated interdisciplinary efforts. It has become a key engine for pushing the boundaries of human knowledge and leading leaps in advanced technology.