Review Articles in 2026

Obesity is associated with changes in levels of many blood-based factors, such as cytokines and adipokines. This Review explores the utility of such factors as biomarkers for quantifying and predicting obesity-associated disease risk, including the identification of causal relationships.

During fasting, the liver produces fuel under the control of several hormonal and metabolic cues. In this Review, the authors outline the effects of the cues (glucagon, glucocorticoids, growth hormone, adrenaline, free fatty acids, asprosin and GP73) that are known to directly signal to hepatocytes under fasting conditions.

This Review explores the link between diabetes mellitus and thyroid disease from an epidemiological and mechanistic perspective, and discusses the public health implications of this link and provides recommendations for clinical management and public health policy.

This Review outlines the inequities that exist in the diagnosis, management and outcomes for minoritized people with diabetes mellitus. The authors also discuss how these inequities can be addressed to improve the care of people with diabetes mellitus globally.

Many different models are used in research into diabetes mellitus, and each has strengths and limitations. In this Review, the authors explain several in vivo and in vitro models of hyperglycaemia and discuss how future models might be improved to better replicate physiological conditions in people with diabetes mellitus.

Chronic disturbances in autonomic regulation are increasingly recognized as contributors to metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this Review, Wangler and colleagues discuss bidirectional communication between the autonomic nervous system and peripheral tissues in the coordination of glucose and lipid metabolism as well as emerging therapies targeting autonomic pathways that could improve metabolic health.