Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a common cause of back, neck, and radicular pain. High levels of a number of inflammatory cytokines that are secreted by IVD cells characterize, and are involved in the pathogenesis of, IVD degeneration. In this comprehensive Review, the authors describe the key inflammatory cytokines that are involved in different phases of disc degeneration, and they describe the outcomes of the clinical studies that have investigated blocking cytokine function.
- Makarand V. Risbud
- Irving M. Shapiro
