The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) is well established as a therapeutic target in patients with heart failure. Professors Lang and Struthers discuss new indications for existing drugs—angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II-receptor blockers, and mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonists—as well as novel ways of targeting the RAAS—direct inhibition of renin or dual blockade of the angiotensin II-receptor and neprilysin—in patients who have heart failure with or without reduced ejection fraction.
- Chim C. Lang
- Allan D. Struthers
